Africa's Infrastructure: A Time for Transformation
Sustainable infrastructure development is vital for Africa’s prosperity. And now is the time to begin the transformation. This volume is the culmination of an unprecedented effort to document, analyze, and interpret the full extent of the challenge in developing Sub-Saharan Africa’s infrastructure sectors. As a result, it represents the most comprehensive reference currently available on infrastructure in the region. The book covers the five main economic infrastructure sectors—information and communication technology, irrigation, power, transport, and water and sanitation. 'Africa’s Infrastructure: A Time for Transformation' reflects the collaboration of a wide array of African regional institutions and development partners under the auspices of the Infrastructure Consortium for Africa. It presents the findings of the Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic (AICD), a project launched following a commitment in 2005 by the international community (after the G8 summit at Gleneagles, Scotland) to scale up financial support for infrastructure development in Africa. The lack of reliable information in this area made it difficult to evaluate the success of past interventions, prioritize current allocations, and provide benchmarks for measuring future progress, hence the need for the AICD. Africa’s infrastructure sectors lag well behind those of the rest of the world, and the gap is widening. Some of the main—policy-relevant—findings highlighted in the book include the following: infrastructure in the region is exceptionally expensive, with tariffs being many times higher than those found elsewhere. Inadequate and expensive infrastructure is retarding growth by 2 percentage points each year. Solving the problem will cost over US$90 billion per year, which is more than twice what is being spent in Africa today. However, money alone is not the answer. Prudent policies, wise management, and sound maintenance can improve efficiency, thereby stretching the infrastructure dollar. There is the potential to recover an additional US$17 billion a year from within the existing infrastructure resource envelope—simply by improving efficiency. For example, improved revenue collection and utility management could generate US$3.3 billion per year. Regional power trade could reduce annual costs by US$2 billion. And deregulating the trucking industry could reduce freight costs by one-half. So, raising more funds without also tackling inefficiencies would be like pouring water into a leaking bucket. Finally, the power sector and fragile states represent particular challenges. Even if every efficiency in every infrastructure sector could be captured, a substantial funding gap of $31 billion a year would remain. Nevertheless, the African people and economies cannot wait any longer. Now is the time to begin the transformation to sustainable development.
1145596838
Africa's Infrastructure: A Time for Transformation
Sustainable infrastructure development is vital for Africa’s prosperity. And now is the time to begin the transformation. This volume is the culmination of an unprecedented effort to document, analyze, and interpret the full extent of the challenge in developing Sub-Saharan Africa’s infrastructure sectors. As a result, it represents the most comprehensive reference currently available on infrastructure in the region. The book covers the five main economic infrastructure sectors—information and communication technology, irrigation, power, transport, and water and sanitation. 'Africa’s Infrastructure: A Time for Transformation' reflects the collaboration of a wide array of African regional institutions and development partners under the auspices of the Infrastructure Consortium for Africa. It presents the findings of the Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic (AICD), a project launched following a commitment in 2005 by the international community (after the G8 summit at Gleneagles, Scotland) to scale up financial support for infrastructure development in Africa. The lack of reliable information in this area made it difficult to evaluate the success of past interventions, prioritize current allocations, and provide benchmarks for measuring future progress, hence the need for the AICD. Africa’s infrastructure sectors lag well behind those of the rest of the world, and the gap is widening. Some of the main—policy-relevant—findings highlighted in the book include the following: infrastructure in the region is exceptionally expensive, with tariffs being many times higher than those found elsewhere. Inadequate and expensive infrastructure is retarding growth by 2 percentage points each year. Solving the problem will cost over US$90 billion per year, which is more than twice what is being spent in Africa today. However, money alone is not the answer. Prudent policies, wise management, and sound maintenance can improve efficiency, thereby stretching the infrastructure dollar. There is the potential to recover an additional US$17 billion a year from within the existing infrastructure resource envelope—simply by improving efficiency. For example, improved revenue collection and utility management could generate US$3.3 billion per year. Regional power trade could reduce annual costs by US$2 billion. And deregulating the trucking industry could reduce freight costs by one-half. So, raising more funds without also tackling inefficiencies would be like pouring water into a leaking bucket. Finally, the power sector and fragile states represent particular challenges. Even if every efficiency in every infrastructure sector could be captured, a substantial funding gap of $31 billion a year would remain. Nevertheless, the African people and economies cannot wait any longer. Now is the time to begin the transformation to sustainable development.
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Africa's Infrastructure: A Time for Transformation

Africa's Infrastructure: A Time for Transformation

by World Bank
Africa's Infrastructure: A Time for Transformation

Africa's Infrastructure: A Time for Transformation

by World Bank

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Overview

Sustainable infrastructure development is vital for Africa’s prosperity. And now is the time to begin the transformation. This volume is the culmination of an unprecedented effort to document, analyze, and interpret the full extent of the challenge in developing Sub-Saharan Africa’s infrastructure sectors. As a result, it represents the most comprehensive reference currently available on infrastructure in the region. The book covers the five main economic infrastructure sectors—information and communication technology, irrigation, power, transport, and water and sanitation. 'Africa’s Infrastructure: A Time for Transformation' reflects the collaboration of a wide array of African regional institutions and development partners under the auspices of the Infrastructure Consortium for Africa. It presents the findings of the Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic (AICD), a project launched following a commitment in 2005 by the international community (after the G8 summit at Gleneagles, Scotland) to scale up financial support for infrastructure development in Africa. The lack of reliable information in this area made it difficult to evaluate the success of past interventions, prioritize current allocations, and provide benchmarks for measuring future progress, hence the need for the AICD. Africa’s infrastructure sectors lag well behind those of the rest of the world, and the gap is widening. Some of the main—policy-relevant—findings highlighted in the book include the following: infrastructure in the region is exceptionally expensive, with tariffs being many times higher than those found elsewhere. Inadequate and expensive infrastructure is retarding growth by 2 percentage points each year. Solving the problem will cost over US$90 billion per year, which is more than twice what is being spent in Africa today. However, money alone is not the answer. Prudent policies, wise management, and sound maintenance can improve efficiency, thereby stretching the infrastructure dollar. There is the potential to recover an additional US$17 billion a year from within the existing infrastructure resource envelope—simply by improving efficiency. For example, improved revenue collection and utility management could generate US$3.3 billion per year. Regional power trade could reduce annual costs by US$2 billion. And deregulating the trucking industry could reduce freight costs by one-half. So, raising more funds without also tackling inefficiencies would be like pouring water into a leaking bucket. Finally, the power sector and fragile states represent particular challenges. Even if every efficiency in every infrastructure sector could be captured, a substantial funding gap of $31 billion a year would remain. Nevertheless, the African people and economies cannot wait any longer. Now is the time to begin the transformation to sustainable development.

Product Details

ISBN-13: 9780821380413
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Publication date: 12/01/2009
Series: Africa Development Forum
Pages: 382
Product dimensions: 8.00(w) x 9.90(h) x 1.00(d)

Table of Contents

Preface xix

Acknowledgments xxi

Abbreviations xxiii

Overview: Africa's Infrastructure: A Time for Transformation 1

Finding 1 Infrastructure Contributed over Half of Africa's Improved Growth Performance 2

Finding 2 Africa's Infrastructure Lags Well behind That of Other Developing Countries 2

Finding 3 Africa's Difficult Economic Geography Presents a Challenge for Infrastructure Development 3

Finding 4 Africa's Infrastructure Services Are Twice as Expensive as Elsewhere 4

Finding 5 Power Is Africa's Largest Infrastructure Challenge by Far 5

Finding 6 Africa's Infrastructure Spending Needs at $93 Billion a Year Are More than Double Previous Estimates by the Commission for Africa 6

Finding 7 The Infrastructure Challenge Varies Greatly by Country Type 7

Finding 8 A Large Share of Africa's Infrastructure Is Domestically Financed 8

Finding 9 After Potential Efficiency Gains, Africa's Infrastructure Funding Gap Is $31 Billion a Year, Mostly in the Power Sector 9

Finding 10 Africa's Institutional, Regulatory, and Administrative Reform Process Is Only Halfway Along 12

Key Recommendations 14

Note 26

References 26

Part 1 The Overall Story 29

Introduction The Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic 31

Genesis of the Project 32

Scope of the Project 33

Note 41

References 41

1 Meeting Africa's Infrastructure Needs 43

Infrastructure: The Key to Africa's Faster Growth 44

Africa's Infrastructure Deficit 47

Africa's Infrastructure Price Premium 49

How Much Does Africa Need to Spend on Infrastructure? 52

Overall Price Tag 58

Notes 60

References 60

2 Closing Africa's Funding Gap 65

Spending Allocated to Address Infrastructure Needs66

How Much More Can Be Done within the Existing Resource Envelope? 67

Annual Funding Gap 75

How Much Additional Finance Can Be Raised? 75

Costs of Capital from Different Sources 82

Most Promising Ways to Increase Funds 82

What Else Can Be Done? 83

Notes 84

References 85

3 Dealing with Poverty and Inequality 87

Access to Modern Infrastructure Services-Stagnant and Inequitable 88

Affordability of Modern Infrastructure Services-Subsidizing the Better Off 90

Alternatives to Modern Infrastructure Services-the Missing Middle 94

Policy Challenges for Accelerating Service Expansion 97

Notes 102

References 102

4 Building Sound Institutions 105

Institutional Reforms: A Glass Half Full 106

Does Private Sector Participation Work? 110

How Can State-Owned Enterprise Performance Be Improved? 117

Do Independent Regulators Make Sense? 120

Notes 122

References 122

5 Facilitating Urbanization 125

Viewing Cities as Engines of Growth 126

Strengthening Urban-Rural Links 126

The Costs of Providing Infrastructure-Sensitive to Density 130

Investment Needs 132

Infrastructure Financing 133

Policy Issues and Implications 137

Six Principles for Efficient Urbanization 139

Notes 140

References 141

6 Deepening Regional Integration 143

Why Regional Integration Matters 144

Opportunities for Regional Cooperation across Infrastructure Sectors 146

Meeting the Challenges of Regional Integration of Infrastructure in Africa 154

Notes 160

References 160

Part 2 Sectoral Snapshots 163

7 Information and Communication Technologies: A Boost for Growth 165

The African ICT Revolution 166

ICT Sector Developments 167

Institutional Reforms in the ICT Sector 168

Completing the Remaining Investment Agenda 172

Policy Challenges 174

Notes 179

References 179

8 Power: Catching Up 181

Africa's Chronic Power Problems 182

A Huge Investment Backlog 185

The Promise of Regional Power Trade 187

Improving Utility Performance through Institutional Reform 187

The Challenge of Cost Recovery 191

Policy Challenges 194

Notes 201

References 201

9 Transport: More Than the Sum of Its Parts 203

Integrating Multimodal Transport 204

Developing Logistics Systems 205

Developing Transit Corridors for Landlocked Countries 206

Increasing Competition 207

Revisiting Attitudes toward Private Supply and Profit 209

Meeting Social Obligations 209

Notes 210

References 210

10 Roads: Broadening the Agenda 211

Road Infrastructure-Lagging Other Regions Somewhat 212

Road Infrastructure Institutions and Finance-Promising Developments 213

Road Expenditures-More Maintenance, Less Rehabilitation 215

Road Conditions-Reflecting Quality of Sector Governance 217

Infrastructure Spending Needs-an Average of 1.5 Percent of GDP a Year 217

Transport Services-the Forgotten Problem 219

Moving Forward-Broadening the Reform Agenda 221

Notes 226

References 226

11 Railways: Looking for Traffic 229

Africa's Rail Networks 230

The African Rail Market 233

How Much Investment Can Be Justified? 236

Institutional Arrangements and Performance 238

Key Issues for Governments 243

The Way Ahead 246

Notes 246

References 246

12 Ports and Shipping: Landlords Needed 249

The African Shipping Market 250

African Ports 252

Policy Issues and Implementation Challenges 255

Notes 258

References 258

13 Airports and Air Transport: The Sky's the Limit 259

The African Air Transport Market 260

Air Transport Policy in Africa 263

African Air Transport Infrastructure 265

Policy Challenges 267

Notes 269

References 270

14 Water Resources: A Common Interest 271

Water Resources and Economic Development: Challenges for Africa 272

Addressing the Challenges 276

Investing in Africa's Water Security 279

Note 284

References 284

15 Irrigation: Tapping Potential 287

Agriculture and Poverty Reduction 288

Current State of Irrigation 289

Economic Investment Potential and Needs 290

Effect of Expanding Agricultural Water Development 293

Implementation Challenges 294

Notes 296

References 297

16 Water Supply: Hitting the Target? 299

The Millennium Development Goal for Water-Elusive for Many 300

Differing Patterns of Urban and Rural Access 300

Financing the MDG 302

Using Appropriate Technologies 305

The Challenge of Cost Recovery 307

Improving Utility Performance through Institutional Reform 309

Reforms in the Rural Space 313

Policy Recommendations 316

Notes 321

References 321

17 Sanitation: Moving Up the Ladder 323

The State of Sanitation in Africa 324

Challenges and Policy Options 329

Several Common Challenges Remain for All Countries 333

Notes 335

References 335

Index 337

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