Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present, Expanded and Updated Edition

by Jonathan L. Lee

Overview

A colossal history of Afghanistan from its earliest organization into a coherent state up to its turbulent present.

Located at the intersection of Asia and the Middle East, Afghanistan has been strategically important for thousands of years. Its ancient routes and strategic position between India, Inner Asia, China, Persia, and beyond has meant the region has been subject to frequent invasions, both peaceful and military. As a result, modern Afghanistan is a culturally and ethnically diverse country, but one divided by conflict, political instability, and by mass displacements of its people. In this magisterial illustrated history, Jonathan L. Lee tells the story of how a small tribal confederacy in a politically and culturally significant but volatile region became a modern nation-state.

Drawing on more than forty years of study, Lee places the current conflict in Afghanistan in its historical context and challenges many of the West’s preconceived ideas about the country. Focusing particularly on the powerful Durrani monarchy, which united the country in 1747 and ruled for nearly two and a half centuries, Lee chronicles the origins of the dynasty as clients of Safavid Persia and Mughal India: the reign of each ruler and their efforts to balance tribal, ethnic, regional, and religious factions; the struggle for social and constitutional reform; and the rise of Islamic and Communist factions. Along the way, he offers new cultural and political insights from Persian histories, the memoirs of Afghan government officials, British government and India Office archives, and recently released CIA reports and Wikileaks documents. He also sheds new light on the country’s foreign relations, its internal power struggles, and the impact of foreign military interventions such as the “War on Terror.”

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9781789145885
Publisher:	Reaktion Books, Limited
Publication date:	04/22/2022
Edition description:	Expanded and Updated Edition
Pages:	784
Sales rank:	1,042,139
Product dimensions:	6.10(w) x 9.20(h) x 2.40(d)

About the Author

Jonathan L. Lee is a social and cultural historian and a leading authority on the history of Afghanistan. His many books include Amazing Wonders of Afghanistan.

Table of Contents

List of Charts, Tables and Maps 7

Transliterations 8

Preface to the Paperback Edition 10

Introduction 13

1 Afghan Sultanates, 1260-1732 51

2 Nadir Shah and the Afghans, 1732-47 88

3 Ahmad Shah and the Durrani Empire, 1747-72 116

4 Fragmentation: Timur Shah and His Successors, 1772-1824 143

5 Afghanistan and the Indus Frontier, 1824-39 187

6 The Death of the 'Great Experiment', 1839-43 244

7 The Pursuit of 'Scientific Frontiers', 1843-79 307

8 'Reducing the Disorderly People', 1879-1901 364

9 Reform and Repression, 1901-19 412

10 Dreams Melted into Air, 1919-29 450

11 Backs to the Future, 1929-33 502

12 A House Divided, 1933-73 530

13 Republicanism, Revolution and Resistance, 1973-94 581

14 'Between the Dragon and His Wrath', 1994-2017 629

Conclusion 684

Afghanistan, 2017-21: A Reflection 698

Genealogical Charts 714

Glossary 719

A Note on Sources 728

References 730

Select Bibliography 762

Acknowledgements 770

Photo Acknowledgements 771

Index 772

Editorial Reviews

This impressive book results from Lee’s professional lifetime’s work in Afghanistan. Lee uses his command of Persian, an abundance of British and American archival sources, and a critical historiographical approach to provide readers with a refreshingly original treatment of Afghanistan’s modern political history. Lee’s book combines nuanced attention to the dynamic variety of regional, religious, and tribal identities, loyalties, alliances, and resources within Afghanistan, while also constructively engaging the diverse and changing constellation of external actors, agencies, and pressures in this new history of Afghanistan.

Shāh Mahmoud Hanifi

"Lee’s well-written book is rich in rewarding detail and will be essential reading for anyone interested in the history of Afghanistan."

History Today

"This is the most comprehensive available history of power and politics in Afghanistan, from the medieval period to the present. The narrative spans a millennium of history, from the Ghaznavids to Ashraf Ghani. It deliberately locates the roots of modern Afghanistan in the succession of Muslim entities that developed military power, government, and civilization in northern India and on either side of the Hindukush. There are detailed treatments of issues from the 'classical' right up to contemporary Afghan affairs which includes the consequences of aid to the anti-Soviet mujahideen, the roots of the Taliban movement, the inadequacy of the Bonn Agreement as a basis for peace, Islamic identity and the state, and militarization of humanitarian assistance and governance reform and corruption. This work is an encyclopaedia of the ways in which the past helps shape the ideas and possibilities of the present."

Michael Semple

"Lee’s comprehensive study of Afghanistan’s political history tells the story of the emergence and sometimes surprising longevity of the Afghan state in the face of serious external and internal challenges over the last three centuries. Readers will find a compelling narrative and an important reference for different periods in Afghan history, not to mention a larger thread which looks at the definition (by others) and the introspective self-definition by Afghan rulers as the state developed over time."

New Books Network

"Lee has blended an eye for detail with a sense of the broad sweep of Afghanistan's history. . . . Lee does not make the mistake of assuming a linearity in Afghan history, and the stories he recounts do not serve to suggest that the key to understanding the twenty-first century is simply to revisit the experiences of earlier times. But that said, the book is studded with memorable vignettes that suggest the ubiquity and persistence of human frailty. . . . One attractive feature of Lee's book is that Afghans are at the heart of the story that he tells."

Sydney Morning Herald

"The task of crafting a coherent narrative out of such disparate material, much less making that narrative of genuine interest, is obviously daunting, and one of the many low-key marvels of this book is how often Lee manages to succeed. This has every indication of being the twenty-first century’s standard English-language history of Afghanistan: it’s richly detailed but not simplified, keeping up a fast pace without ever sacrificing fine-grained detail, fit to occupy the same shelf as Abbas Amanat’s magisterial 2017 history of Iran . . . Afghanistan is a parade of richly-realized personalities: sultans, colonial opportunists, visionaries, and the embattled present government figures are all presented here with a startlingly refreshing humanity."

National

"An epic achievement: at once a model of clarity, accuracy, and balance and a testament to Lee's learning and life-long erudition in Afghan primary sources. Authoritative and remarkably comprehensive, it deserves to become the standard English-language history of Afghanistan."

William Dalrymple

"Lee’s scholarship and independence of mind give rise to one of the first great merits of the book: its willingness to challenge conventional narrative. . . . The second great merit of this book, beyond its fresh perspectives, is the depth of coverage it offers, whilst yet being written in clear prose and digestible sections. Lee is an excellent guide through a notoriously complex historical territory."

Asian Affairs

This work is the last word on the history of Afghanistan and I have no hesitation in recommending it.

Chris Wyatt

"An exhausting march. . . . Lee has spent a lifetime studying this troubled region, and his account of Afghanistan’s history is almost dizzying in its power shifts and conflicts. . . . [An] epic story."

Washington Independent Review of Books

“This impressive book results from Lee’s professional lifetime’s work in Afghanistan. Lee uses his command of Persian, an abundance of British and American archival sources, and a critical historiographical approach to provide readers with a refreshingly original treatment of Afghanistan’s modern political history. Lee’s book combines nuanced attention to the dynamic variety of regional, religious, and tribal identities, loyalties, alliances, and resources within Afghanistan, while also constructively engaging the diverse and changing constellation of external actors, agencies, and pressures in this new history of Afghanistan.

Shah Mahmoud Hanifi

"Lee’s comprehensive study of Afghanistan’s political history tells the story of the emergence and sometimes surprising longevity of the Afghan state in the face of serious external and internal challenges over the last three centuries. Readers will find a compelling narrative and an important reference for different periods in Afghan history, not to mention a larger thread which looks at the definition (by others) and the introspective self-definition by Afghan rulers as the state developed over time."

New Books Network - Central Asian Studies channel

"The task of crafting a coherent narrative out of such disparate material, much less making that narrative of genuine interest, is obviously daunting, and one of the many low-key marvels of this book is how often Lee manages to succeed. This has every indication of being the twenty-first century’s standard English-language history of Afghanistan: it’s richly detailed but not simplified, keeping up a fast pace without ever sacrificing fine-grained detail, fit to occupy the same shelf as Abbas Amanat’s magisterial 2017 history of Iran . . . Afghanistan is a parade of richly-realized personalities: sultans, colonial opportunists, visionaries, and the embattled present government figures are all presented here with a startlingly refreshing humanity."

National

2018-10-02

A comprehensive history of a storied nation held together by an alliance of tribal and political groups that threatens to dissolve at any moment.

Afghanistan "emerged from the collapse of three great empires," writes British historian Lee (The "Ancient Supremacy": Bukhara, Afghanistan, and the Battle for Balkh, 1731-1901, 1996, etc.), that once held sway across broad stretches of Central Asia. It has famously been the graveyard of empires since, an indomitable place that has stymied armies from Britain, Russia, and now the U.S. The modern nation is an ever shifting blend of ethnic groups and traditions and efforts at power-sharing in a political entity that Lee describes as "unstable and riddled with factionalism." By the author's reckoning (and many other observers'), the U.S. invasion has not helped matters; instead, it has put Afghans in the familiar if uncertain position of reading the wind to see who's in charge. For instance, Lee calls the rout of Osama bin Laden and al-Qaida a pyrrhic victory since it was replaced by the "hydra-headed movement" called the Islamic State group. Previous efforts have not been much better. As the author chronicles, Indian rulers attempted to bring Afghanistan under their rule, and following them, the British, whose earliest reports from the field noted "the sectarian and ethnic tensions at court" and who later blundered into a war that saw its army suffer its worst defeat since the American Revolutionary War. For all that, Lee adds, Afghanistan has had moments of calm, including a relatively stable period of self-rule under a monarchy that lasted, "in one expression or another," until the communist regime that came into power in 1978. Many of Afghanistan's true modernizers, this long but well-written chronicle documents, were royals who looked westward to places like Turkey but could not replicate such elements as a well-educated managerial and officer class and a developed intelligentsia. What remains is a country that today seems unfortunately and unjustly adrift.

Anyone seeking to understand a complex, even bewildering part of the world will benefit from Lee's careful account.

Kirkus Reviews