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Advances in Virus Research
216
by Karl Maramorosch (Editor), Aaron J. Shatkin (Editor), Frederick A. Murphy (Editor)
Karl Maramorosch
Advances in Virus Research
216
by Karl Maramorosch (Editor), Aaron J. Shatkin (Editor), Frederick A. Murphy (Editor)
Karl Maramorosch
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Overview
This latest volume in the Advances in Virus Research series presents articles on topics such as the role of lipid rafts in virus assembly and budding; novel vaccine strategies; treatment of arenavirus infections; the evaluation of drug resistance in HIV infection; perspectives on polydnavirus origin and evolution; bateriophage 29 DNA packaging; the potential of plant viral vectors and transgenic plants for subunit vaccine production; and the interaction of orthopoxviruses with interferon-treated cultured cells. This timely and informative compilation of articles will be of interest to researchers in the fields of virology, immunology, microbiology, and plant science.
Product Details
ISBN-13: | 9780123858863 |
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Publisher: | Elsevier Science |
Publication date: | 11/08/2011 |
Series: | Advances in Virus Research Series , #81 |
Sold by: | Barnes & Noble |
Format: | eBook |
Pages: | 216 |
File size: | 2 MB |
About the Author
Professor Karl Maramorosch works at Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
Frederick A. Murphy, DVM, PhD, is professor, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston. He holds a BS and DVM from Cornell University and a PhD from the University of California, Davis (UC Davis). Formerly he was dean and distinguished professor, School of Veterinary Medicine, and distinguished professor, School of Medicine, UC Davis. Before that he served as director of the National Center for Infectious Diseases, and director of the Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta. He is a member of the Institute of Medicine of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and is a member of the German National Academy of Sciences and the Belgian Royal Academy of Medicine. He holds an honorary Doctor of Medicine and Surgery from the University of Turku, Finland; an honorary Doctor of Science from the University of Guelph, Canada; an honorary Doctor of Veterinary Medicine from the University of London, United Kingdom; an honorary Doctor of Science from University College Dublin, Ireland; the Presidential Rank Award of the U.S. Government; the PennVet World Leadership Award from the University of Pennsylvania, and the Distinguished Microbiologist Award from the American College of Veterinary Microbiologists. At UTMB, he is a member of the Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Galveston National Laboratory, and McLaughlin Endowment for Infection and Immunity. His professional interests include the pathology and epidemiology of highly pathogenic viruses/viral diseases: rabies and the rabies-like viruses, arboviruses, hemorrhagic fever viruses, and other neurotropic viruses. He has been a leader in advancing the concepts of “new and emerging infectious diseases and “new and emerging zoonoses and “the threat posed by bioterrorism. Most recently, he has been working on Internet resources on the history of virology: “The Foundations of Virology at http://www.utmb.edu/virusimages/.
Frederick A. Murphy, DVM, PhD, is professor, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston. He holds a BS and DVM from Cornell University and a PhD from the University of California, Davis (UC Davis). Formerly he was dean and distinguished professor, School of Veterinary Medicine, and distinguished professor, School of Medicine, UC Davis. Before that he served as director of the National Center for Infectious Diseases, and director of the Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta. He is a member of the Institute of Medicine of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and is a member of the German National Academy of Sciences and the Belgian Royal Academy of Medicine. He holds an honorary Doctor of Medicine and Surgery from the University of Turku, Finland; an honorary Doctor of Science from the University of Guelph, Canada; an honorary Doctor of Veterinary Medicine from the University of London, United Kingdom; an honorary Doctor of Science from University College Dublin, Ireland; the Presidential Rank Award of the U.S. Government; the PennVet World Leadership Award from the University of Pennsylvania, and the Distinguished Microbiologist Award from the American College of Veterinary Microbiologists. At UTMB, he is a member of the Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Galveston National Laboratory, and McLaughlin Endowment for Infection and Immunity. His professional interests include the pathology and epidemiology of highly pathogenic viruses/viral diseases: rabies and the rabies-like viruses, arboviruses, hemorrhagic fever viruses, and other neurotropic viruses. He has been a leader in advancing the concepts of “new and emerging infectious diseases and “new and emerging zoonoses and “the threat posed by bioterrorism. Most recently, he has been working on Internet resources on the history of virology: “The Foundations of Virology at http://www.utmb.edu/virusimages/.
Read an Excerpt
This volume contains six comprehensive reviews of current virological research.
Table of Contents
The Pathogenesis of Poliomyelitis: What We Don't Know Neal Nathanson 1
Introduction 3
Sequential Steps in the Spread of Infection 3
Questions unanswered: Cellular sites of replication 4
Questions unanswered: Neural invasion from the blood 6
Provocation Poliomyelitis 6
Questions unanswered: The mechanism of the provoking effect 7
Questions unanswered: Neural spread 10
PVR, Tropism, and the Localization of Lesions 11
Questions unanswered: Receptor expression is necessary but not sufficient 11
Questions unanswered: Localization within the CNS 13
Questions unanswered: How poliovirus kills cells 15
Host Innate and Immune Response to Infection 15
Questions unanswered: The acquired immune response 16
Immune Defenses and Viral Clearance: Mechanisms of Vaccine-Induced Protection 17
Primary infections 17
Secondary infection in immune hosts 18
Poliovirus serotypes 20
Animal Models of Human Poliomyelitis 21
Questions unanswered: Determinants of primate susceptibility 22
Questions unanswered: The mechanism of rodent adaptation 23
Questions unanswered: PVR mice 25
Questions unanswered: The tropism enigma 26
Virulence of Polioviruses 26
Questions unanswered: Mechanisms of neurovirulence 32
Questions unanswered: Viremia and virulence 32
Questions unanswered: Epidemiological properties of polioviruses 33
How Does Poliovirus Persist? 34
Questions unanswered: Overt persistence of poliovirus 35
The post-polio syndrome and covert persistence of poliovirus 35
Eradication 36
Questions unanswered: Why is it so difficult to complete the global eradication of wild polioviruses? 37
Vaccine-Derived Polioviruses and the Eradication Endgame 38
Questions unanswered: What strategy should be followed if wild polioviruses are eradicated? 39
Reprise 41
Acknowledgments 42
References 42
Cutting the Gordian Knot-Development and Biological Relevance of Hepatitis C Virus Cell Culture Systems Judith M. Gottwein Jens Bukh 51
Introduction 53
Genetic Heterogeneity of HCV-Genotypes, Subtypes, Isolates, and Quasispecies 54
The HCV Genome and Its Encoded Proteins 59
Host Cell Factors Supporting the HCV Life Cycle 67
Consensus HCV cDNA Clones-Infectious in Transfected Chimpanzees 71
The Replicon System-Autonomous HCV RNA Replication in Hepatoma Cell Lines 73
Identification of adaptive mutations led to more efficient replicon systems 74
The study of replicon systems led to identification of highly permissive Huh7 cell lines 78
Pseudo-Particles Expressing the HCV Envelope Proteins (HCVpp)-A System for the Study of Viral Entry and Neutralization 79
The JFH1 Isolate-Generation of Cell Culture Derived HCV (HCVcc) in Full Viral Life Cycle Cell Culture Systems 82
The original and adapted JFH1 cell culture system 82
The J6/JFH1 cell culture system 87
Analysis of HCV buoyant density suggests a role of lipoproteins for the viral life cycle 89
Possible causes of special growth characteristics of JFH1 and J6/JFH1 91
Applicability of JFH1 and J6/JFH1 cell culture system 92
Perspectives for Further Development of HCV Cell Culture Systems 95
Adaptation of cell culture systems to yield higher viral titers 95
Cell culture systems for other HCV genotypes 95
Expansion of cell culture systems to different host cells 100
Conclusion-Implications of Novel Cell Culture Systems 103
Acknowledgments 104
References 104
Poxvirus Host Range Genes Steven J. Werden Masmudur M. Rahman Grant McFadden 135
Introduction 136
Orthopoxvirus Host Range Genes 137
SPI-1 140
K1L 143
C7L 145
CHOhr 146
p28/N1R 147
B5R (ps/hr) 148
E3L 149
K3L 152
Myxoma Virus Host Range Genes 153
M-T2 154
M-T4 155
M-T5 155
M11L 157
M13L 158
M063 159
Molluscum Contagiosum: An Extreme Example of Host Range Restriction 160
Conclusions 160
Acknowledgments 162
References 163
Receptor Interactions, Tropism, and Mechanisms Involved in Morbillivirus-Induced Immunomodulation Jurgen Schneider-Schaulies Sibylle Schneider-Schaulies 173
Introduction 174
General aspects of MV- and morbillivirus-induced immunosuppression 176
Relationships between tropism of the virus, spread of infection, and immunosuppression 177
Leukopenia Associated with Morbillivirus Infections 181
Mechanisms and Consequences of T Cell Silencing in Morbillivirus Infections 183
Receptors and Signaling Involved in Suppression of Cell Functions 186
Virus Interactions with DCs 190
Virus interference with DC functions in animal models 190
Experimental models and consequences of DC surface interactions with viral proteins 191
Consequences of infection on DC viability and function 192
Conclusions and Perspectives 195
References 196
Lyssaviruses-Current Trends Susan A. Nadin-Davis Christine Fehlner-Gardiner 207
Introduction 208
Developments in Diagnostic and Surveillance Tools 209
Diagnosis 209
Viral typing 210
Evolutionary time frames 211
Modeling applications 212
Fundamental Aspects of Virus-Host Interactions 213
What is the basis for RABV pathogenicity? 214
Role of viral proteins 214
Role of host cell pathways 218
Considerations for future studies on rabies pathogenesis 222
Reverse Genetics-Methodology and Applications 222
RABV vaccines 224
Vaccines for other diseases 225
Other Strategies for Rabies Vaccine Development 227
Adenovirus recombinants 227
DNA vaccines 228
The Challenge of Rabies Biologics for Passive Immunity 230
Novel Applications of RABV 231
Use as a neuronal tracer 231
Use of RABV proteins for molecular targeting 235
Concluding Remarks 236
References 237
Index 251
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