Advanced Dynamic-System Simulation: Model Replication and Monte Carlo Studies
280Advanced Dynamic-System Simulation: Model Replication and Monte Carlo Studies
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Overview
This book describes advanced, cutting-edge techniques for dynamic system simulation using the DESIRE modeling/simulation software package. It offers detailed guidance on how to implement the software, providing scientists and engineers with powerful tools for creating simulation scenarios and experiments for such dynamic systems as aerospace vehicles, control systems, or biological systems.
Along with two new chapters on neural networks, Advanced Dynamic-System Simulation, Second Edition revamps and updates all the material, clarifying explanations and adding many new examples. A bundled CD contains an industrial-strength version of OPEN DESIRE as well as hundreds of program examples that readers can use in their own experiments. The only book on the market to demonstrate model replication and Monte Carlo simulation of real-world engineering systems, this volume:
- Presents a newly revised systematic procedure for difference-equation modeling
- Covers runtime vector compilation for fast model replication on a personal computer
- Discusses parameter-influence studies, introducing very fast vectorized statistics computation
- Highlights Monte Carlo studies of the effects of noise and manufacturing tolerances for control-system modeling
- Demonstrates fast, compact vector models of neural networks for control engineering
- Features vectorized programs for fuzzy-set controllers, partial differential equations, and agro-ecological modeling
Advanced Dynamic-System Simulation, Second Edition is a truly useful resource for researchers and design engineers in control and aerospace engineering, ecology, and agricultural planning. It is also an excellent guide for students using DESIRE.
Product Details
ISBN-13: | 9781118527443 |
---|---|
Publisher: | Wiley |
Publication date: | 02/22/2013 |
Sold by: | JOHN WILEY & SONS |
Format: | eBook |
Pages: | 280 |
File size: | 11 MB |
Note: | This product may take a few minutes to download. |
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Table of Contents
PREFACE xiiiCHAPTER 1 DYNAMIC-SYSTEM MODELS AND SIMULATION 1
SIMULATION IS EXPERIMENTATION WITH MODELS 1
1-1 Simulation and Computer Programs 1
1-2 Dynamic-System Models 2
1-3 Experiment Protocols Define Simulation Studies 3
1-4 Simulation Software 4
1-5 Fast Simulation Program for Interactive Modeling 5
ANATOMY OF A SIMULATION RUN 8
1-6 Dynamic-System Time Histories Are Sampled Periodically 8
1-7 Numerical Integration 10
1-8 Sampling Times and Integration Steps 11
1-9 Sorting Defined-Variable Assignments 12
SIMPLE APPLICATION PROGRAMS 12
1-10 Oscillators and Computer Displays 12
1-11 Space-Vehicle Orbit Simulation with Variable-Step Integration 15
1-12 Population-Dynamics Model 17
1-13 Splicing Multiple Simulation Runs: Billiard-Ball Simulation 17
INRODUCTION TO CONTROL-SYSTEM SIMULATION 21
1-14 Electrical Servomechanism with Motor-Field Delay and Saturation 21
1-15 Control-System Frequency Response 23
1-16 Simulation of a Simple Guided Missile 24
STOP AND LOOK 28
1-17 Simulation in the Real World: A Word of Caution 28
References 29
CHAPTER 2 MODELS WITH DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS, LIMITERS, AND SWITCHES 31
SAMPLED-DATA SYSTEMS AND DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS 31
2-1 Sampled-Data Difference-Equation Systems 31
2-2 Solving Systems of First-Order Difference Equations 32
2-3 Models Combining Differential Equations and Sampled-Data Operations 35
2-4 Simple Example 35
2-5 Initializing and Resetting Sampled-Data Variables 35
TWO MIXED CONTINUOUS/SAMPLED-DATA SYSTEMS 37
2-6 Guided Torpedo with Digital Control 37
2-7 Simulation of a Plant with a Digital PID Controller 37
DYNAMIC-SYSTEM MODELS WITH LIMITERS AND SWITCHES 40
2-8 Limiters, Switches, and Comparators 40
2-9 Integration of Switch and Limiter Outputs, Event Prediction, and Display Problems 43
2-10 Using Sampled-Data Assignments 44
2-11 Using the step Operator and Heuristic Integration-Step Control 44
2-12 Example: Simulation of a Bang-Bang Servomechanism 45
2-13 Limiters, Absolute Values, and Maximum/Minimum Selection 46
2-14 Output-Limited Integration 47
2-15 Modeling Signal Quantization 48
EFFICIENT DEVICE MODELS USING RECURSIVE ASSIGNMENTS 48
2-16 Recursive Switching and Limiter Operations 48
2-17 Track/Hold Simulation 49
2-18 Maximum-Value and Minimum-Value Holding 50
2-19 Simple Backlash and Hysteresis Models 51
2-20 Comparator with Hysteresis (Schmitt Trigger) 52
2-21 Signal Generators and Signal Modulation 53
References 55
CHAPTER 3 FAST VECTOR–MATRIX OPERATIONS AND SUBMODELS 57
ARRAYS, VECTORS, AND MATRICES 57
3-1 Arrays and Subscripted Variables 57
3-2 Vector and Matrices in Experiment Protocols 58
3-3 Time-History Arrays 58
VECTORS AND MODEL REPLICATION 59
3-4 Vector Operations in DYNAMIC Program Segments: The Vectorizing Compiler 59
3-5 Matrix–Vector Products in Vector Expressions 61
3-6 Index-Shift Operation 63
3-7 Sorting Vector and Subscripted-Variable Assignments 64
3-8 Replication of Dynamic-System Models 64
MORE VECTOR OPERATIONS 65
3-9 Sums, DOT Products, and Vector Norms 65
3-10 Maximum/Minimum Selection and Masking 66
VECTOR EQUIVALENCE DECLARATIONS SIMPLIFY MODELS 67
3-11 Subvectors 67
3-12 Matrix–Vector Equivalence 67
MATRIX OPERATIONS IN DYNAMIC-SYSTEM MODELS 67
3-13 Simple Matrix Assignments 67
3-14 Two-Dimensional Model Replication 68
VECTORS IN PHYSICS AND CONTROL-SYSTEM PROBLEMS 69
3-15 Vectors in Physics Problems 69
3-16 Vector Model of a Nuclear Reactor 69
3-17 Linear Transformations and Rotation Matrices 70
3-18 State-Equation Models of Linear Control Systems 72
USER-DEFINED FUNCTIONS AND SUBMODELS 72
3-19 Introduction 72
3-20 User-Defined Functions 72
3-21 Submodel Declaration and Invocation 73
3-22 Dealing with Sampled-Data Assignments, Limiters, and Switches 75
References 75
CHAPTER 4 EFFICIENT PARAMETER-INFLUENCE STUDIES AND STATISTICS COMPUTATION 77
MODEL REPLICATION SIMPLIFIES PARAMETER-INFLUENCE STUDIES 77
4-1 Exploring the Effects of Parameter Changes 77
4-2 Repeated Simulation Runs Versus Model Replication 78
4-3 Programming Parameter-Influence Studies 80
STATISTICS 84
4-4 Random Data and Statistics 84
4-5 Sample Averages and Statistical Relative Frequencies 85
COMPUTING STATISTICS BY VECTOR AVERAGING 85
4-6 Fast Computation of Sample Averages 85
4-7 Fast Probability Estimation 86
4-8 Fast Probability-Density Estimation 86
4-9 Sample-Range Estimation 90
REPLICATED AVERAGES GENERATE SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS 91
4-10 Computing Statistics by Time Averaging 91
4-11 Sample Replication and Sampling-Distribution Statistics 91
RANDOM-PROCESS SIMULATION 95
4-12 Random Processes and Monte Carlo Simulation 95
4-13 Modeling Random Parameters and Random Initial Values 97
4-14 Sampled-Data Random Processes 97
4-15 “Continuous” Random Processes 98
4-16 Problems with Simulated Noise 100
SIMPLE MONTE CARLO EXPERIMENTS 100
4-17 Introduction 100
4-18 Gambling Returns 100
4-19 Vectorized Monte Carlo Study of a Continuous Random Walk 102
References 106
CHAPTER 5 MONTE CARLO SIMULATION OF REAL DYNAMIC SYSTEMS 109
INTRODUCTION 109
5-1 Survey 109
REPEATED-RUN MONTE CARLO SIMULATION 109
5-2 End-of-Run Statistics for Repeated Simulation Runs 109
5-3 Example: Effects of Gun-Elevation Errors on a 1776 Cannnonball Trajectory 110
5-4 Sequential Monte Carlo Simulation 113
VECTORIZED MONTE CARLO SIMULATION 113
5-5 Vectorized Monte Carlo Simulation of the 1776 Cannon Shot 113
5-6 Combined Vectorized and Repeated-Run Monte Carlo Simulation 115
5-7 Interactive Monte Carlo Simulation: Computing Runtime Histories of Statistics with DYNAMIC-Segment DOT Operations 115
5-8 Example: Torpedo Trajectory Dispersion 117
SIMULATION OF NOISY CONTROL SYSTEMS 119
5-9 Monte Carlo Simulation of a Nonlinear Servomechanism: A Noise-Input Test 119
5-10 Monte Carlo Study of Control-System Errors Caused by Noise 121
ADDITIONAL TOPICS 123
5-11 Monte Carlo Optimization 123
5-12 Convenient Heuristic Method for Testing Pseudorandom Noise 123
5-13 Alternative to Monte Carlo Simulation 123
References 125
CHAPTER 6 VECTOR MODELS OF NEURAL NETWORKS 127
ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS 127
6-1 Introduction 127
6-2 Artificial Neural Networks 127
6-3 Static Neural Networks: Training, Validation, and Applications 128
6-4 Dynamic Neural Networks 129
SIMPLE VECTOR ASSIGNMENTS MODEL NEURON LAYERS 130
6-5 Neuron-Layer Declarations and Neuron Operations 130
6-6 Neuron-Layer Concatenation Simplifies Bias Inputs 130
6-7 Normalizing and Contrast-Enhancing Layers 131
6-8 Multilayer Networks 132
6-9 Exercising a Neural-Network Model 132
SUPERVISED TRAINING FOR REGRESSION 134
6-10 Mean-Square Regression 134
6-11 Backpropagation Networks 137
MORE NEURAL-NETWORK MODELS 140
6-12 Functional-Link Networks 140
6-13 Radial-Basis-Function Networks 142
6-14 Neural-Network Submodels 145
PATTERN CLASSIFICATION 146
6-15 Introduction 146
6-16 Classifier Input from Files 147
6-17 Classifier Networks 147
6-18 Examples 149
PATTERN SIMPLIFICATION 155
6-19 Pattern Centering 155
6-20 Feature Reduction 156
NETWORK-TRAINING PROBLEMS 157
6-21 Learning-Rate Adjustment 157
6-22 Overfitting and Generalization 157
6-23 Beyond Simple Gradient Descent 159
UNSUPERVISED COMPETITIVE-LAYER CLASSIFIERS 159
6-24 Template-Pattern Matching and the CLEARN Operation 159
6-25 Learning with Conscience 163
6-26 Competitive-Learning Experiments 164
6-27 Simplified Adaptive-Resonance Emulation 165
SUPERVISED COMPETITIVE LEARNING 167
6-28 The LVQ Algorithm for Two-Way Classification 167
6-29 Counterpropagation Networks 167
EXAMPLES OF CLEARN CLASSIFIERS 168
6-30 Recognition of Known Patterns 168
6-31 Learning Unknown Patterns 173
References 174
CHAPTER 7 DYNAMIC NEURAL NETWORKS 177
INTRODUCTION 177
7-1 Dynamic Versus Static Neural Networks 177
7-2 Applications of Dynamic Neural Networks 177
7-3 Simulations Combining Neural Networks and Differential-Equation Models 178
NEURAL NETWORKS WITH DELAY-LINE INPUT 178
7-4 Introduction 178
7-5 The Delay-Line Model 180
7-6 Delay-Line-Input Networks 180
7-7 Using Gamma Delay Lines 182
STATIC NEURAL NETWORKS USED AS DYNAMIC NETWORKS 183
7-8 Introduction 183
7-9 Simple Backpropagation Networks 184
RECURRENT NEURAL NETWORKS 185
7-10 Layer-Feedback Networks 185
7-11 Simplified Recurrent-Network Models Combine Context and Input Layers 185
7-12 Neural Networks with Feedback Delay Lines 187
7-13 Teacher Forcing 189
PREDICTOR NETWORKS 189
7-14 Off-Line Predictor Training 189
7-15 Online Trainng for True Online Prediction 192
7-16 Chaotic Time Series for Prediction Experiments 192
7-17 Gallery of Predictor Networks 193
OTHER APPLICATIONS OF DYNAMIC NETWORKS 199
7-18 Temporal-Pattern Recognition: Regression and Classification 199
7-19 Model Matching 201
MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS 204
7-20 Biological-Network Software 204
References 204
CHAPTER 8 MORE APPLICATIONS OF VECTOR MODELS 207
VECTORIZED SIMULATION WITH LOGARITHMIC PLOTS 207
8-1 The EUROSIM No. 1 Benchmark Problem 207
8-2 Vectorized Simulation with Logarithmic Plots 207
MODELING FUZZY-LOGIC FUNCTION GENERATORS 209
8-3 Rule Tables Specify Heuristic Functions 209
8-4 Fuzzy-Set Logic 210
8-5 Fuzzy-Set Rule Tables and Function Generators 214
8-6 Simplified Function Generation with Fuzzy Basis Functions 214
8-7 Vector Models of Fuzzy-Set Partitions 215
8-8 Vector Models for Multidimensional Fuzzy-Set Partitions 216
8-9 Example: Fuzzy-Logic Control of a Servomechanism 217
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 221
8-10 Method of Lines 221
8-11 Vectorized Method of Lines 221
8-12 Heat-Conduction Equation in Cylindrical Coordinates 225
8-13 Generalizations 225
8-14 Simple Heat-Exchanger Model 227
FOURIER ANALYSIS AND LINEAR-SYSTEM DYNAMICS 229
8-15 Introduction 229
8-16 Function-Table Lookup and Interpolation 230
8-17 Fast-Fourier-Transform Operations 230
8-18 Impulse and Freqency Response of a Linear Servomechanism 231
8-19 Compact Vector Models of Linear Dynamic Systems 232
REPLICATION OF AGROECOLOGICAL MODELS ON MAP GRIDS 237
8-20 Geographical Information System 237
8-21 Modeling the Evolution of Landscape Features 239
8-22 Matrix Operations on a Map Grid 239
References 242
APPENDIX: ADDITIONAL REFERENCE MATERIAL 245
A-1 Example of a Radial-Basis-Function Network 245
A-2 Fuzzy-Basis-Function Network 245
References 248
USING THE BOOK CD 251
INDEX 253