| Preface | iii |
| Introduction | ix |
I. | Alphabet | 1 |
II. | System of Sounds; Pronunciation | 10 |
| Vowels | 10 |
| Consonants | 13 |
| Quantity | 27 |
| Accent | 28 |
III. | Rules of Euphonic Combination | 34 |
| Introductory | 34 |
| Principles | 37 |
| Rules of Vowel Combination | 42 |
| Permitted Finals | 49 |
| Deaspiration | 53 |
| Surd and Sonant Assimilation | 54 |
| Combinations of Final s and r | 56 |
| Conversion of s to s | 61 |
| Conversion of n to n | 54 |
| Conversion of Dental Mutes to Linguals and Palatals | 66 |
| Combinations of Final n | 69 |
| Combinations of Final m | 71 |
| The Palatal Mutes and Sibilant, and h | 72 |
| The Lingual Sibilant | 77 |
| Extension and Abbreviation | 78 |
| Strengthening and Weakening Processes | 81 |
| Guna and Vrddhi | 81 |
| Vowel-lengthening | 84 |
| Vowel-lightening | 85 |
| Nasal Increment | 86 |
| Reduplication | 87 |
IV. | Declension | 88 |
| Gender, Number, Case | 88 |
| Uses of the Cases | 89 |
| Endings of Declension | 103 |
| Variation of Stem | 107 |
| Accent in Declension | 108 |
V. | Nouns and Adjectives | 111 |
| Classification etc. | 111 |
Declension I. | Stems in a | 112 |
Declension II. | Stems in i and u | 116 |
Declension III. | Stems in Long Vowels (a, i, u): A. Root-words etc. | 124 |
| Stems in Diphthongs | 130 |
| B. Derivative Stems etc. | 131 |
Declension IV. | Stems in r or ar | 137 |
Declension V. | Stems in Consonants | 141 |
A. | Root-stems etc. | 143 |
B. | Derivative Stems in as is, us | 153 |
C. | Derivative Stems in an | 156 |
D. | In in | 161 |
E. | In ant or at | 163 |
F. | Perfect Participles in vans | 169 |
G. | Comparatives in yans or yas | 172 |
| Comparison | 173 |
VI. | Numerals | 177 |
| Cardinals | 177 |
| Ordinals etc. | 183 |
VII. | Pronouns | 185 |
| Personal | 185 |
| Demonstrative | 188 |
| Interrogative | 194 |
| Relative | 195 |
| Other Pronouns: Emphatic, Indefinite | 196 |
| Nouns used pronominally | 197 |
| Pronominal Derivatives, Possessives etc. | 197 |
| Adjectives declined pronominally | 199 |
VIII. | Conjugation | 200 |
| Voice, Tense, Mode, Number, Person | 200 |
| Verbal Adjectives and Nouns | 203 |
| Secondary Conjugations | 203 |
| Personal Endings | 204 |
| Subjunctive Mode | 209 |
| Optative | 211 |
| Imperative | 213 |
| Uses of the Modes | 215 |
| Participles | 220 |
| Augment | 220 |
| Reduplication | 222 |
| Accent of the Verb | 223 |
IX. | The Present-System | 227 |
| General | 227 |
| Conjugations and Conjugation Classes | 228 |
| Root-Class (second or ad-class) | 231 |
| Reduplicating Class (third or hu-class) | 242 |
| Nasal Class (seventh or rudh-class) | 250 |
| nu and u-Classes (fifth and eighth, or su- and tan-classes) | 254 |
| na-Class (ninth or kri-class) | 260 |
| a-Class (first or bhu-class) | 264 |
| Accented a-Class (sixth or tud-class) | 269 |
| ya-Class (fourth or div-class) | 271 |
| Accented ya-Class or Passive Conjugation | 275 |
| So-called tenth or cur-class | 277 |
| Uses of the Present and Imperfect | 278 |
X. | The Perfect-System | 279 |
| Perfect Tense | 279 |
| Perfect Participle | 291 |
| Modes of the Perfect | 292 |
| Pluperfect | 295 |
| Uses of the Perfect | 295 |
XI. | The Aorist-Systems | 297 |
| Classification | 297 |
I. | Simple Aorist | |
1. | Root-Aorist | 299 |
| Passive Aorist 3d sing | 304 |
2. | The a-Aorist | 305 |
II. |
3. | Reduplicated Aorist | 308 |
III. | Sibilant Aorist | 313 |
4. | The s-Aorist | 314 |
5. | The is-Aorist | 320 |
6. | The sis-Aorist | 323 |
7. | The sa-Aorist | 325 |
| Precative | 326 |
| Uses of the Aorist | 328 |
XII. | The Future-Systems | 330 |
I. | The s-Future | 331 |
| Preterit of the s-Future, Conditional | 334 |
II. | The Periphrastic Future | 335 |
| Uses of the Futures and Conditional | 337 |
XIII. | Verbal adjectives and Nouns: Participles, Infinitives, Gerunds | 340 |
| Passive Participle in ta or na | 340 |
| Past Active Participle in tavant | 344 |
| Future Passive Participles, Gerundives | 345 |
| Infinitives | 347 |
| Uses of the Infinitives | 351 |
| Gerunds | 355 |
| Adverbial Gerund in am | 359 |
XIV. | Derivative or Secondary Conjugation | 360 |
I. | Passive | 361 |
II. | Intensive | 362 |
| Present-System | 365 |
| Perfect, Aorist, Future, etc. | 370 |
III. | Desiderative | 372 |
| Present-System | 374 |
| Perfect, Aorist, Future, etc. | 376 |
IV. | Causative | 378 |
| Present-System | 380 |
| Perfect, Aorist, Future, etc. | 383 |
V. | Denominative | 386 |
XV. | Periphrastic and Compound Conjugation | 391 |
| The Periphrastic Perfect | 392 |
| Participial Periphrastic Phrases | 394 |
| Composition with Prepositional Prefixes | 395 |
| Other Verbal Compounds | 400 |
XVI. | Indeclinables | 403 |
| Adverbs | 403 |
| Prepositions | 414 |
| Conjunctions | 416 |
| Interjections | 417 |
XVII. | Derivation of Declinable Stems | 418 |
A. | Primary Derivatives | 420 |
B. | Secondary Derivatives | 454 |
XVIII. | Formation of Compound Stems | 480 |
| Classification | 480 |
I. | Copulative Compounds | 485 |
II. | Determinative Compounds | 489 |
A. | Dependent Compounds | 489 |
B. | Descriptive Compounds | 494 |
III. | Secondary Adjective Compounds | 501 |
A. | Possessive Compounds | 501 |
B. | Compounds with Governed Final Member | 511 |
| Adjective Compounds as Nouns and as Adverbs | 512 |
| Anomalous Compounds | 514 |
| Stem-finals altered in Composition | 514 |
| Loose Construction with Compounds | 515 |
| Appendix | 516 |
A. | Examples of Various Sanskrit Type | 516 |
B. | Example of Accentuated Text | 518 |
| Synopsis of the conjugation of roots bhu and kr | 520 |
| Sanskrit-Index | 521 |
| General-Index | 540 |