A Review of the Systems of Ethics Founded on the Theory of Evolution by C. M. Williams
CONTENTS
Dedication
Preface
Part 1. Introductory Remarks
Charles Darwin
Alfred Russel Wallace
Ernst Haeckel
Herbert Spencer
General Considerations
The Physical View
The Biological View
The Psychological View
The Sociological View
John Fiske
W. H. Rolph” “Biological Problems” (“Biologische Probleme,” 1884)
The Problem of Food-Taking
The Problem of Perfectibility
Animal or Natural Ethics
Humane Ethics
Alfred Barratt
The Origin of the Moral Sense
Of the Social Relation of the Individual
The Unselfish Emotions
Of the Relation of Man to Nature
Of the Will
Of Obligation
Of Pleasures That Are Called Bad
Leslie Stephen: “The Science of Ethics” (1882)
B. Carneri
Harald Höffding: “Ethics” (“Ethik,” 1887)
S. Alexander: “Moral Order and Progress” (1889)
Statical Analysis--Moral Order
Dynamical Analysis--Moral Growth and Progress
Appendix to Part 1
Paul Ree
Part 2. Introduction
Chapter 1. The Concepts of Evolution
Chapter 2. Intelligence and “End”
Chapter 3. The Will
Chapter 4. The Mutual Relations of Thought, Feeling, and Will in Evolution
Chapter 5. Egoism and Altruism in Evolution
Chapter 6. Conscience
Chapter 7. The Moral Progress of the Race as Shown by History
Chapter 8. The Results of Ethical Inquiry on an Evolutional Basis
Chapter 9. The Ideal and the Way of Its Attainment
Preface
Of the Ethics founded on the theory of Evolution, I have considered only the independent theories which have been elaborated to systems. I have omitted consideration of many works which bear on Evolutional Ethics as practical or exhortative treatises, or compilations of facts, but which involve no distinctly worked-out theory of morals. On the other hand, I have ventured to include Professor von Gizycki’s “Moralphilosophie” among the theoretical systems founded upon the theory of Evolution, since, although the popular form of the work renders the prominence of the latter theory impracticable, the warp of Evolution is clearly perceptible throughout it. In analyzing Höffding’s work, I have made use not of the Danish but the German edition of his “Ethics,” which was translated with his coöperation.
It is generally customary for an author to acknowledge, in the preface of his book, his especial indebtedness to those who have most influenced the growth of his thought in the line of research treated in the book. But I find this duty a difficult one to perform. Many of the authors whose work has aided me are cited in the text. But it is impossible, with regard to many points, to say to whom one is indebted, or most indebted, since much that one reads is so assimilated into one’s organized thought, and changed in the process of assimilation, that its source and original form are no longer remembered. Besides this, much is always owed to personal influence and argument, and also to indefinite and minute forces whose workings it is impossible to trace. The growth of thought is, like any other growth, by imperceptible degrees and infinitesimal increments, and we breathe in ideas from our mental atmosphere as we breathe in perfumes or infections from our physical atmosphere. It is, of course, unnecessary to mention Mr. Spencer’s name in this connection, since it goes without saying, that every one who writes on Ethics in their relation to the Theory of Evolution must owe much to him, even where he differs from him. But there is perhaps one name which it is fitting that I should mention here, since the influence of its bearer on my work, although one for which I have reason to feel peculiarly indebted, is not of a nature to determine its mention in connection with any particular theory. I refer to my first teacher of Philosophy, Professor M. Stuart Phelps, now deceased, whose life and labor all those who had the privilege of sharing his instruction and benefiting by his kindness must ever hold in grateful remembrance.
