A Question of Balance: How France and the United States Created Cold War Europe

by Michael Creswell

Overview

Challenging standard interpretations of American dominance and French weakness in postwar Western Europe, Michael Creswell argues that France played a key role in shaping the cold war order. In the decade after the war, the U.S. government's primary objective was to rearm the Federal Republic of Germany within the framework of a European defense force—the European Defense Community. American and French officials differed, however, over the composition of the EDC and the rules governing its organization and use.

Although U.S. pressure played a part, more decisive factors—in both internal French politics and international French concerns—ultimately led France to sanction the plan to rearm West Germany. Creswell sketches the successful French challenge to the United States, tracing the genuine, sometimes heated, debate between the two nations that ultimately resulted in security arrangements preferred by the French but acceptable to the Americans.

Impressively researched and vigorously argued, A Question of Balance advances significantly our understanding of power politics and the rise of the cold war system in Western Europe.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780674022973
Publisher:	Harvard University Press
Publication date:	10/31/2006
Series:	Harvard Historical Studies , #153
Edition description:	New Edition
Pages:	256
Product dimensions:	6.12(w) x 9.25(h) x 0.75(d)

About the Author

Michael Creswell is Associate Professor of History at Florida State University.

Table of Contents

Preface

Abbreviations

Introduction: Who Created the Cold War Order in Europe?

1. From Hot War to Cold War

2. A Year of Living Dangerously

3. Washington Pulls, London Follows, Paris Accepts, Bonn Hesitates

4. Progress, Promises, and Problems

5. New Faces, Similar Policies

6. The Death of Stalin

7. The End of the Affair

Conclusion: Passions and Interests

Notes

Bibliography

Index

What People are Saying About This

Creswell's outstanding book sheds new light on the origins of the Cold War system in Europe. Whereas most scholars focus on America's relations with Germany and the Soviet Union, A Question of Balance looks at Franco-American relations, and shows that they were of great importance in determining the shape of the Western Alliance.

Editorial Reviews

Creswell's outstanding book sheds new light on the origins of the Cold War system in Europe. Whereas most scholars focus on America's relations with Germany and the Soviet Union, A Question of Balance looks at Franco-American relations, and shows that they were of great importance in determining the shape of the Western Alliance.

John J. Mearsheimer

Creswell breezes us through with confidence and sophistication; the figures come to life and the debates feel vital. It is to the author's credit that we need not accept his thesis to be very impressed with his account.

Seth Armus

In this useful addition to the literature on the Cold War, Creswell details the history of the debate over the European Defense Community (EDC) to argue that France, in rejecting the EDC, shaped the Cold War order in Western Europe...His work is an important corrective to US- and Soviet-centered histories of the Cold War.

Choice - L. M. Lees

Creswell challenges the widespread belief that the United States (with a hand from Britain) had to overcome persistent French resistance in order to create the security institutions that won the cold war in Europe. Drawing on careful, multi-archival research, he shows that French leaders were not as worried about German revanchism as many have claimed and that they recognized that the Soviet Union was the real threat. This is revisionist history at its best, convincingly correcting the conventional wisdom without striving for shock value or overplaying its claims.

Stephen M. Walt

Creswell intelligently examines the negotiations that led to West Germany's rearmament after the French Parliament rejected the plan for a European Defense Community in August 1954. For a European reader, this book contains few surprises. For Americans convinced that a superpower such as the United States could easily have overridden objections by weaker allies, it may be a (mild) shock that a state as internally divided as postwar France could resist the pressure and threats of a senior ally determined to proceed swiftly on the rearmament of the recently defeated enemy—ultimately persuading the senior ally that patience and compromise were necessary to achieve its most important objectives...The final "balance" to which the book's title refers required skill and common sense rather than heroic feats of imagination, and the statesmen of the period demonstrated these gifts in abundance.

Foreign Affairs - Stanley Hoffman

Michael Creswell's book is a tour de force, at once bold, sophisticated and nuanced. It will spark a healthy debate over the roles of France and the United States in NATO during its early years. An absolute must read for students of the Cold War.

William Stueck

Written with confidence and clarity, this concise study offers the best treatment to date of the political contest between the United States and France over Germany's rearmament and the shape of cold war Europe. Creswell throws down the gauntlet to cold war historians who have portrayed a reluctant France dragged kicking and screaming into accepting a subordinate role in the Anglo-American alliance.

Thomas A. Schwartz

Creswell intelligently examines the negotiations that led to WestGermany's rearmament after the French Parliament rejected the plan for a European Defense Community in August 1954. For a European reader, this book contains few surprises. For Americans convinced that a superpower such as the United States could easily have overridden objections by weaker allies, it may be a (mild) shock that a state as internally divided as postwar France could resist the pressure and threats of a senior ally determined to proceed swiftly on the rearmament of the recently defeated enemy — ultimately persuading the senior ally that patience and compromise were necessary to achieve its most important objectives. Creswell minimizes somewhat the strength of France's resistance to the rearmament of Germany, but he is right to point out that the French, having launched the policy of Western European integration in 1950, were eager to pursue it. The final "balance" to which the book's title refers required skill and common sense rather than heroic feats of imagination, and the statesmen of the period demonstrated these gifts in abundance. If they look so good in retrospect, it is in part because they were able men, but also because their successors have fallen so short.

Foreign Affairs