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Overview
A History of Modern France offers a framework to understand modern French history through a survey of the dramatic events that have punctuated its history from the eighteenth century to the present day.
Covering events such as the French Revolution, the two World Wars and the more recent election of Emmanuel Macron and the "yellow vest" movement, the book takes a balanced approach to the competing interpretations of modern France inspired by its history. This edition has been thoroughly updated to incorporate the most recent scholarship on topics including French imperial history and the empire’s postcolonial legacy, the history of women and gender, and the French experience of World War I. A new section extends the narrative into mid-2019, and additional emphasis has been given to the role of historical memory in the making of French identity. Taking a chronological approach, the book is approachable for students and provides a clear and understandable picture of the history of modern France.
Supported by further reading that has been updated to include the most recent publications, the book is the ideal introduction to the history of modern France for students of this fascinating country.
Product Details
| ISBN-13: | 9781351366670 |
|---|---|
| Publisher: | Taylor & Francis |
| Publication date: | 02/14/2020 |
| Sold by: | Barnes & Noble |
| Format: | eBook |
| Pages: | 414 |
| File size: | 14 MB |
| Note: | This product may take a few minutes to download. |
About the Author
Jeremy D. Popkin is the William T. Bryan Chair of History at the University of Kentucky (Lexington, Kentucky, USA). In addition to his new comprehensive history, A New World Begins: The Story of the French Revolution, he has published Revolutionary News: The Press in France, 1789–1799; You Are All Free: The Haitian Revolution and the Abolition of Slavery; and A Short History of the French Revolution.
Read an Excerpt
PREFACE:
Preface
Shortly after the start of the new millennium, France is scheduled to give up one of the main features of an independent country. Starting in 2002, a new currency, the euro, will replace the franc, a symbol of France's identity for more than 200 years. Already, French citizens travel with European passports identical to those held by their neighbors from the fourteen other countries of the European Union. Decisions affecting the French economy, environmental policy, and many other vital matters are increasingly taken in the Belgian city of Brussels, home of the Union's governing commission, rather than in Paris. At the same time, as it becomes ever more part of a larger European community, France is also changing its cultural identity. The descendants of immigrants have turned Islam into the traditionally Catholic country's second-largest religion. EuroDisney, an American company's theme park outside of Paris, has replaced Gothic cathedrals and famous museums as France's most popular tourist attraction. Whatever happens in France in the years to come, the country is likely to move steadily farther away from the compact national state whose history is described in this book.
Why, then, should Americans still care about the history of a medium-sized European country with a population less than a quarter of that of the United States? Fifty years ago, the reason seemed obvious. On two occasions in the first half of the twentieth century, the destinies of the two countries were linked, as American troops fought and died to liberate French soil. A knowledge of French history was essential to understanding the origins of those crises. Inaddition, to many Americans, French culture, more than that of any other European country, represented the epitome of taste and sophistication. French artists, French philosophers, French novelists, and French filmmakers represented a tradition that often seemed more profound, more original, and more liberated from confining conventions than our own.
At the start of the twenty-first century, these connections between American and French history are rapidly fading. Yet those Americans who have had the opportunity to live and travel in France realize that an understanding of that country's history still provides important new perspectives for comprehending the world in which we live and the way in which it evolved. Americans may see France as part of a larger European ensemble; Britons, Germans, and the French themselves recognize it as a country that still has a unique identity and often seems determined to go its own way. An understanding of French history helps us realize that the spread of a shared modern technology has by no means made the whole world the same. Thus the study of French history helps Americans better understand our own society's place in the world.
French history retains its fascination as well because of its extraordinary complexity. France was the first European nation to proclaim the principles of modern democracy, yet it had extraordinary difficulty in agreeing on stable political institutions based on these principles. France is now a wealthy industrial country, but it reached this status by a route very different from that of the world's other leading economic powers. A country that fought repeated wars against all its neighbors is now a pillar of European cooperation; a country that once dominated a vast non-European empire now tries to maintain a distinctive world role in other ways—particularly by promoting the use of the French language. France's modern history has been rich in strong personalities who have fascinated those far beyond its borders: Napoléon, Honoré de Balzac, Charles de Gaulle, Simone de Beauvoir. For anyone interested in how human beings face up to dramatic challenges, French history will remain an absorbing story.
Finally, French history deserves our attention because no other country has contributed as much to modern historians' sense of the possibilities of historical study itself. For three generations, French historians have been recognized throughout the world as leaders in the project of broadening and enriching our approach to the past. The names Marc Bloch, Lucien Febvre, Fernand Braudel, among many others, are familiar to anyone who has participated in the effort to include the common people in the story of how our modern world came to be. French historians have been in the forefront in broadening cooperation between history and other disciplines: economics, geography, sociology, anthropology, linguistics, and literary theory. Nowhere better than in the study of France's own history can we see how multifaceted our understanding of the past can be.
The pages that follow are one American historian's effort to communicate the passion and the stimulation that he has experienced over the years in studying the past two and a half centuries of France's national life. They do not pretend to give a definitive account of modern French history: the subject is too vast and the controversies concerning it too deep to permit such a thing. They do attempt to provide a basic framework for the understanding of modern French history and—on issues where historians disagree—to outline fairly the competing interpretations that that history has inspired. This book reflects the diverse contributions of hundreds of historians who have devoted themselves to the subject, both in France and in the many other countries where French history has inspired devoted scholars. Without this community of colleagues, a synthesis like this could never have been attempted. If this book helps teachers to transmit the pleasure that the author has found in striving to understand the experience of the French people over the centuries, and if it encourages students to explore the subject, it will have served its purpose.
In preparing this new edition, I have tried to take into account some of the major developments in historical research since 1993. Throughout the book, I have attempted to incorporate new insights from women's and cultural history, which are currently two of the liveliest fields of research. I have also tried to take into account new research on issues ranging from the politics of the National Assembly in 1789 to the influence of the Soviet Union on the French Communist Party. The five chapters devoted to France between 1871 and 1914 in the previous edition have been reorganized into four chapters in this edition, and the concluding chapters have been extended to cover the end of the Mitterrand presidency, the election victories of Jacques Chirac in 1995 and Lionel Jospin in 1997, and even the French World Cup soccer championship of 1998.
Acknowledgments
I would like to thank the following Prentice Hall reviewers for their care in reading the manuscript and offering suggestions: Leslie Derfler, Florida Atlantic University; Michael S. Smith, University of South Carolina; William B. Cohen, Indiana University; Herrick Chapman, New York University; Michael Hanagan, New School for Social Research; and Patricia O'Brien, University of California, Irvine. My colleague Ellen Furlough offered valuable advice on the changes in the new edition. Matthew Schoenbachler and Holly Grout compiled the index.
Jeremy D. Popkin
Table of Contents
1 "The Oldest Nation of Europe" 2 Eighteenth-Century French Society and Economy 3 Culture and Thought in Eighteenth-Century France 4 Government under Challenge 5 Collapse of the Old Monarchy 6 Successes and Failures of the Liberal Revolution 7 The Radical Revolution 8 The Return to Order 9 The Napoleonic Years 10 The Restoration 11 The July Monarchy and Its Critics 12 A New Social World 13 The Revolution of 1848: The Crisis of Bourgeois Society 14 The Second Empire’s Decade of Prosperity 15 The Second Empire in Difficulties 16 The Paris Commune and the Origins of the Third Republic 17 The Republicans in Power 18 Economic Depression and Political Crises 19 The Dreyfus Affair and the Bloc Républican 20 Culture and Society at the Fin De Siècle 21 The Belle Époque 22 The Plunge into War 23 Crisis, Victory, and Disillusionment 24 France between the Wars 25 The Illusion of Normality 26 From the Popular Front to the War 27 France in the Second World War 28 The Road to Liberation 29 The Revival of the Parliamentary Republic 30 From the Fourth to the Fifth Republic 31 Politics and Economy in De Gaulle’s Republic 32 Society and Culture during the "Thirty Glorious Years" 33 May 1968 and the End of the Gaullist Era 34 The Mitterrand Years 35 France Enters a New Millennium 36 A New Age of Instability Appendix: For Further Reading
Preface
Preface
Shortly after the start of the new millennium, France is scheduled to give up one of the main features of an independent country. Starting in 2002, a new currency, the euro, will replace the franc, a symbol of France's identity for more than 200 years. Already, French citizens travel with European passports identical to those held by their neighbors from the fourteen other countries of the European Union. Decisions affecting the French economy, environmental policy, and many other vital matters are increasingly taken in the Belgian city of Brussels, home of the Union's governing commission, rather than in Paris. At the same time, as it becomes ever more part of a larger European community, France is also changing its cultural identity. The descendants of immigrants have turned Islam into the traditionally Catholic country's second-largest religion. EuroDisney, an American company's theme park outside of Paris, has replaced Gothic cathedrals and famous museums as France's most popular tourist attraction. Whatever happens in France in the years to come, the country is likely to move steadily farther away from the compact national state whose history is described in this book.
Why, then, should Americans still care about the history of a medium-sized European country with a population less than a quarter of that of the United States? Fifty years ago, the reason seemed obvious. On two occasions in the first half of the twentieth century, the destinies of the two countries were linked, as American troops fought and died to liberate French soil. A knowledge of French history was essential to understanding the origins of those crises.Inaddition, to many Americans, French culture, more than that of any other European country, represented the epitome of taste and sophistication. French artists, French philosophers, French novelists, and French filmmakers represented a tradition that often seemed more profound, more original, and more liberated from confining conventions than our own.
At the start of the twenty-first century, these connections between American and French history are rapidly fading. Yet those Americans who have had the opportunity to live and travel in France realize that an understanding of that country's history still provides important new perspectives for comprehending the world in which we live and the way in which it evolved. Americans may see France as part of a larger European ensemble; Britons, Germans, and the French themselves recognize it as a country that still has a unique identity and often seems determined to go its own way. An understanding of French history helps us realize that the spread of a shared modern technology has by no means made the whole world the same. Thus the study of French history helps Americans better understand our own society's place in the world.
French history retains its fascination as well because of its extraordinary complexity. France was the first European nation to proclaim the principles of modern democracy, yet it had extraordinary difficulty in agreeing on stable political institutions based on these principles. France is now a wealthy industrial country, but it reached this status by a route very different from that of the world's other leading economic powers. A country that fought repeated wars against all its neighbors is now a pillar of European cooperation; a country that once dominated a vast non-European empire now tries to maintain a distinctive world role in other ways—particularly by promoting the use of the French language. France's modern history has been rich in strong personalities who have fascinated those far beyond its borders: Napoléon, Honoré de Balzac, Charles de Gaulle, Simone de Beauvoir. For anyone interested in how human beings face up to dramatic challenges, French history will remain an absorbing story.
Finally, French history deserves our attention because no other country has contributed as much to modern historians' sense of the possibilities of historical study itself. For three generations, French historians have been recognized throughout the world as leaders in the project of broadening and enriching our approach to the past. The names Marc Bloch, Lucien Febvre, Fernand Braudel, among many others, are familiar to anyone who has participated in the effort to include the common people in the story of how our modern world came to be. French historians have been in the forefront in broadening cooperation between history and other disciplines: economics, geography, sociology, anthropology, linguistics, and literary theory. Nowhere better than in the study of France's own history can we see how multifaceted our understanding of the past can be.
The pages that follow are one American historian's effort to communicate the passion and the stimulation that he has experienced over the years in studying the past two and a half centuries of France's national life. They do not pretend to give a definitive account of modern French history: the subject is too vast and the controversies concerning it too deep to permit such a thing. They do attempt to provide a basic framework for the understanding of modern French history and—on issues where historians disagree—to outline fairly the competing interpretations that that history has inspired. This book reflects the diverse contributions of hundreds of historians who have devoted themselves to the subject, both in France and in the many other countries where French history has inspired devoted scholars. Without this community of colleagues, a synthesis like this could never have been attempted. If this book helps teachers to transmit the pleasure that the author has found in striving to understand the experience of the French people over the centuries, and if it encourages students to explore the subject, it will have served its purpose.
In preparing this new edition, I have tried to take into account some of the major developments in historical research since 1993. Throughout the book, I have attempted to incorporate new insights from women's and cultural history, which are currently two of the liveliest fields of research. I have also tried to take into account new research on issues ranging from the politics of the National Assembly in 1789 to the influence of the Soviet Union on the French Communist Party. The five chapters devoted to France between 1871 and 1914 in the previous edition have been reorganized into four chapters in this edition, and the concluding chapters have been extended to cover the end of the Mitterrand presidency, the election victories of Jacques Chirac in 1995 and Lionel Jospin in 1997, and even the French World Cup soccer championship of 1998.
Acknowledgments
I would like to thank the following Prentice Hall reviewers for their care in reading the manuscript and offering suggestions: Leslie Derfler, Florida Atlantic University; Michael S. Smith, University of South Carolina; William B. Cohen, Indiana University; Herrick Chapman, New York University; Michael Hanagan, New School for Social Research; and Patricia O'Brien, University of California, Irvine. My colleague Ellen Furlough offered valuable advice on the changes in the new edition. Matthew Schoenbachler and Holly Grout compiled the index.
Jeremy D. Popkin