A Guide to Civil Resistance: A Bibliography of People Power and Nonviolent Protest, Volume One

by April Carter (Editor), Howard Clark (Editor), Michael Randle (Editor), Paul Rogers (Foreword by)

Overview

In discussions about people power or nonviolent action, most people will immediately think of Gandhi or Martin Luther King, a few will recall the end of the Marcos regime in the Philippines in the mid-1980s, and some others will remember or have heard of the Prague Spring nearly two decades earlier. Moreover, for most activists and others involved in peace action and movements for social change, there will be little knowledge of the theories of nonviolent action and still less of the huge number of actions taken in so many countries and in such different circumstances across the world. Even recent events across the Middle East are rarely put in a broader historical context. Although the focus of this book is on post-1945 movements, the opening section provides a wide-ranging introduction to the history and theoretical bases of nonviolent action, and reflects the most recent contributions to the literature, citing key reference works.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9781854251084
Publisher:	Merlin Press Limited, The
Publication date:	04/01/2014
Pages:	257
Product dimensions:	9.20(w) x 6.10(h) x 0.70(d)

About the Author

April Carter has lectured in politics at the universities of Lancaster, Oxford and Queensland, and was a fellow at the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. She is currently an honorary research fellow of the Centre for Peace and Reconciliation Studies, Coventry University, and a senior editor on the international editoral board for the International Encyclopedia of Peace. Howard Clark was an English nonviolent activist and independent peace researcher. He was the chairperson of War Resisters' International, having previously been its coordinator, and was a research fellow of the Centre for Peace and Reconciliation Studies, Coventry University, where he was responsible for the Centre’s project on Unarmed Resistance: the Transnational Factor. He is the author of Civil Resistance in Kosovo. Michael Randle has been involved in the antiwar movement in Britain since the 1950s and in 1958 was one of the organizers of the first Aldermaston March against Britain’s nuclear weapons. A former chairperson of the War Resisters’ International, and subsequently coordinator of the Alternative Defence Commission, he has been a visiting research fellow at the department of peace studies at the University of Bradford. Paul Rogers teaches at the department of peace studies at University of Bradford and has written or edited 26 books and over 100 papers, much of which has been translated into many languages. He writes a weekly analysis on international security for www.opendemocracy.net which is reproduced on 40+ websites.

Table of Contents

Acknowledgements 11

Foreword Paul Rogers 13

Preface to 2013 edition 15

General Introduction to 2006 edition (abridged) 18

A Introduction to Nonviolent Action 24

1 Theory Methods and Examples: 25

1a.i Classic Works on Theory of Nonviolent Action 26

1a.ii Theories of Civil Disobedience, Power and Revolution: The Evolution of the Literature on Civil Resistance 29

1a.iii Social and Political Writings cited in Civil Resistance Literature 33

1b Strategic Theory, Dynamics, Methods and Movements 37

1c Small Scale, Hidden, Indirect and 'Everyday' Resistance 43

2 Gandhi and Gandhian Campaigns 47

3 The Civil Rights Movement and Black Power in the USA, 1955-68 51

4 Civil Resistance as a Defence Strategy 59

4a Civil Resistance to Military Coups 59

4b Civil Resistance as a means of National Defence, and Lessons from World War II and Czechoslovakia 1968 61

5 Nonviolent Intervention and Accompaniment 64

6 Nonviolent Action and Social Movements 69

7 Important Reference Works and Websites 73

B Elements of Nonviolent Resistance to Colonialism in Africa after 1945 76

1 Central Africa to 1964 78

1a Malawi (Nyasaland) 79

1b Zambia (Northern Rhodesia) 80

2 Ghana (Gold Coast) to 1957 81

3 Kenya to 1963 82

4 Nigeria to 1960 84

C Popular Resistance in Communist Regimes 86

C.I The Soviet Bloc 1980 to 1991 86

1 Comparative Studies of Dissent: Background to 1989 88

2 Solidarity Movement in Poland 1980-89 90

3 The Revolutions of 1989-90 93

3a Comparative Studies 93

3b Individual Countries in 1989 95

3c German Democratic Republic 95

4 Revolution in the Baltic States, 1987-1991 96

5 Mongolia 1990-91 97

C.II China and Tibet, from 1947 98

1 China 98

1a Tiananmen, The Mass Protests of 1989 98

1b China Since 1990 101

2 Tibet 103

D Resisting Authoritarianism in Post-Communist and Post-Soviet Regimes 105

D.I Kosovo, Resisting Serbian Oppression 1988-98 108

D.II 'Electoral Revolutions' and 'Critical Elections' in Post-Communist States 109

1 Comparative Assessments 109

2 'Electoral Revolutions' (and 'Critical Elections') in Individual Countries 113

2a Armenia: 2003 and 2008 114

2b Azerbaijan 2005 115

2c Belarus 2006 and 2010 116

2d Bulgaria 1996-1997 117

2e Croatia 2000 118

2f Georgia 2003 119

2g Kyrgvzstan 2005 122

2h Serbia 1996-97 and 2000 123

2i Slovakia 1998 125

2j Ukraine 2004-2005 127

D.III Russia Under Putin 130

E Resisting Oppressive, Dictatorial, Military or Authoritarian Rule 133

E.I Africa - Sub-Saharan 133

1 South Africa, Resisting Apartheid to 1994 135

1a internal resistance 137

1b external boycotts 141

1c resisting South African military policies 142

2 Resisting Repressive and Authoritarian Regimes 143

2.1 Popular Movements for Multiparty Democracy: 1988-1992 143

i General Overviews 143

ii Organizations and Movements 144

1a Movements for Multi-Party Democracy in English-Speaking Countries 145

1a.i Malawi and Zambia: Opposition Leads to Regime Change 146

Malawi 146

Zambia 146

1a.ii Ghana and Nigeria: Constitutional Change but Leaders Remain in Power 146

Ghana 147

Nigeria 147

1a.hi Kenya: Resistance to President Moi 149

1b Movements for Multi-Party Democracy in Francophone Africa 1988-93 150

1b.i Cameroon 152

2.2 Struggles to Maintain or Achieve Multi-Party Democracy 2000-2010 153

2.i Zambia 2001 153

2.ii Madagascar 2001-2002 153

2.iii Zimbabwe, Resisting Autocracy since 2000 - 154

2.3 Third Wave of Protests: 2011 - 156

E.II Asia (and Australasia) 157

1 Burma; Resisting Military Dictatorship 159

1a 1988 and Ongoing Protest 160

1b The 'Saffron Revolution', 2007 and subsequent developments 161

2 Indonesia and Resistance to Indonesian Occupation 162

a The Long Struggle to Topple Suharto 1988-98 162

b Aceh: Nonviolent students create alternative to armed struggle 164

c East Timor: Unarmed Campaign for Independence from Indonesia 1991-99 165

d West Papua: Civil mobilization supersedes guerrilla struggle 166

3 Jammu and Kashmir: New generation of resistance 169

4 Korea (South), Demanding Democracy, 1979-80 and 1986-87 170

5 Maldives: People Power reversed 171

6 Nepal, 1990 and 2006 172

6a 1990 172

6b 2006 173

7 Pakistan: Resisting Military Rule 1968-69 and 1980s, and Lawyers Movement from 2007 175

8 The Philippines: 1983-86 and 2001 177

8a Resisting Marcos, 1983-86 178

8b Challenging Estrada, 2001 (EDSA II) 181

9 Taiwan, 1970s and 1980s 182

10 Thailand 184

10a Demanding Democracy 1973 and 1992 184

10b Conflicting Protests 2005-2010 185

E.III Europe (West) 186

1 Greece, Resisting the Colonels 1967-74 187

2 Portugal, Resisting the Salazar Regime and the 1974 Revolution of the Carnations 190

3 Spain, Resisting Franco up to 1975 191

E.IV Latin America 194

1 General and Comparative Studies 194

2 Argentina, Resisting the Military Dictatorship 1977-81: People Power in Economic Crisis 2001-2002 196

2a Resisting Dictatorship 197

2b People Power and Direct Democracy in Economic Crisis 2001-2003 198

3 Bolivia, Resisting Repression, 1977-82 and 2003 199

3a Resisting Dictatorship 1977-82 199

3b The Rebellion of 2003 201

4 Brazil, Resisting Military Rule, 1964-85 202

5 Chile, Resisting the Pinochet Dictatorship 1973-88 203

5a The Right Mobilizes Against Salvador Allende Before the 1973 Coup 204

5b Resisting the Pinochet Dictatorship, 1973-90 204

6 Colombia 208

7 Ecuador 209

8 Guatemala 1954-96 210

9 Mexico 212

10 Panama, Resisting Noriega 1987-89 214

11 Uruguay, Resisting Military Rule 1973-84 216

12 Venezuela 217

E.V Mid the East an d North Africa 219

E.V.A Unarmed Resistance in the Middle East 220

1 Iran 220

1a Overthrowing the Shah: 1977-1979 220

1b The Green Movement, 2009-10 222

2 Lebanon: The Cedar Revolution of 2005 and after 223

3 Palestine 224

3a Palestinian Resistance after 1967 and the First Intifada, 1987-1991 225

3b Resistance since 2000: The Second Intifada and Evolution of Nonviolent Protest 227

3c Israeli Opposition to Israel's Occupation 229

E.V.B The 'Arab Spring' in North Africa and the Middle East: 2011-12 231

a General Accounts and Analyses 234

b Individual Countries 236

1 Egypt 236

2 Tunisia 238

3 Western Sahara 239

F External Support: Opportunities, Problems and Debates about 'Democracy Assistance' 240

Author Index 246

Editorial Reviews

What really comes across is the sheer range of examples contained within this bibliography. It is extraordinarily impressive, taking us through the campaigns in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union at the end of the Cold War, the earlier actions in late colonial Africa, campaigns of nonviolent resistance in Latin America and the Middle East and the growing number of 'electoral revolutions' since 2000, especially in post Soviet states and Africa, and the burgeoning resistance to repression in various forms.” —Paul Rogers, from the foreword


"The editors have done a tremendous service to the field with this wide-ranging, insightful, informative guide." —Brian Martin, Journal of Peace Research

From the Publisher