Table of Contents
Preface ix
Acknowledgments x
About the Authors x
Introduction: The Five-Step Program xi
Step 1 Set Up Your Study Program
1 What You Need to Know About the AP European History Exam 3
Background Information 4
Frequently Asked Questions About the AP European History Exam 4
2 Determine Your Test Readiness 7
Three Approaches to Preparing for AP Exams 8
Detailed Calendar for Each Plan 8
Setting Up a Study Group 11
Step 2 Understand the Skills That Will Be Tested
3 The Ways Historians Think 15
Introduction 16
Reasoning Chronologically 16
Putting Information in Context 18
Arguing from Evidence 19
Developing Your Historical Thinking Skills 21
Rapid Review 22
4 Take a Diagnostic Exam 23
AP European History Diagnostic Exam Answer Sheet 24
Section I, Part A: Multiple-Choice Questions 25
Section I, Part B: Short-Answer Questions 38
Section II, Part A: Document-Based Question (DBQ) 40
Section II, Part B: Long-Essay Question 42
Answers and Explanations 43
Step 3 Develop Strategies for Success
5 The Multiple-Choice Questions 57
Introduction 58
Passive Knowledge and the Process of Elimination 58
Putting Your Historical Thinking Skills to Use 58
About Guessing 59
Further Practice with Multiple-Choice Questions 59
6 The Short-Answer Questions 61
Introduction 62
Putting Your Knowledge and Historical Thinking Skills to Use 62
Further Practice with Short-Answer Questions 63
7 The Document-Based Question (DBQ) 65
Introduction 66
The High-Quality History Essay 66
Five Steps for Creating an Outline for Your Essay 66
Characteristics of the Document-Based Question (DBQ) 68
Applying the Principles of the High-Quality History Essay to the Document-Based Question (DBQ) 69
Scoring the Document-Based Question (DBQ) 72
Further Practice for the Document-Based Question (DBQ) 73
8 The Long-Essay Question 75
Introduction 76
Choosing Your Topic 76
Applying the Five Steps to a High-Quality History Essay 76
Scoring of the Essays 77
Further Practice for the Long-Essay Question 77
Step 4 Review the Knowledge You Need to Score High
9 Major Themes of Modern European History 81
Introduction 82
Interaction of Europe and the World 82
Economic and Commercial Developments 82
Cultural and Intellectual Developments 82
States and Other Institutions of Power 83
Social Organization and Development 83
National and European Identity 83
Technological and Scientific Innovation 83
The Organization of the AP Course into Units 84
10 From the Middle Ages to the Renaissance 85
Further Resources 88
11 The Challenge of the Renaissance 89
Introduction 90
Italian Society of the Renaissance 91
Renaissance Values 91
Artistic Achievement of the Renaissance 92
The Renaissance and Scientific Advancements 93
The Spread of the Renaissance 93
Review Questions 94
Rapid Review 96
Further Resources 96
12 The Reformation and the Fracturing of Christianity 97
Introduction 99
The Need for a Religious Reformation 99
The Lutheran Revolt 99
Creation and Spread of the Protestant Movement 100
The English Reformation 101
Reformation in Eastern Europe 102
Calvin and Calvinism 102
Social Dimensions and the Radical Reformation 103
The Catholic Response 103
Review Questions 104
Rapid Review 106
Further Resources 106
13 The Great Voyages of Exploration and Early Colonization 107
Introduction 108
Exploration and Expansion 108
The Spanish Empire in the New World 109
England, France, and the Triangular Trade Networks 110
Review Questions 111
Rapid Review 112
Further Resources 112
14 Economic Change and Political Consolidation 113
Introduction 114
Economic Stress and Change 114
Thirty Years' War 115
Britain: The Rise of Parliament 116
France: The Construction of a State 117
Central and Eastern Europe: Compromise 118
Review Questions 118
Rapid Review 120
Further Resources 120
15 Economic Change and the Expansion of the State 121
Introduction 123
Great Britain: The Triumph of Constitutionalism 123
France: The Triumph of Absolutism 124
Russia: Tsarist Absolutism 124
Breaking the Traditional Cycle of Population and Productivity 124
Market-Oriented Agriculture 125
Rural Manufacturing 125
Technical Innovations in Agriculture and Manufacturing 126
Eastern Ambition 127
War and Diplomacy 127
Review Questions 128
Rapid Review 130
Further Resources 130
16 The Rise of Natural Philosophy, Scientific Revolution, and the Enlightenment 131
Introduction 134
The Traditional View of the Cosmos 134
Alternative Traditions of Knowledge Before the Scientific Revolution 135
Development of New Institutions 136
The Rise of Copernicanism 136
Kepler's Laws 137
Galileo and the Value of Empirical Knowledge 137
Advances in Anatomy, Physiology, and Medicine 138
Contributions of Women During the Scientific Revolution 139
Cartesian Skepticism and Deductive Reasoning 139
The Enlightenment 140
The Triumph of Newtonian Science 140
New Ideas About Natural Law, Human Nature, and Society 141
New Political Ideas 142
The Philosophes and Enlightened Despotism 143
Salons and Lodges 143
Skepticism, Religion, and Social Criticism 144
The Arts in the Enlightenment 145
The Radical Enlightenment 146
The Other Enlightenment 147
Review Questions 147
Rapid Review 149
Further Resources 149
17 The French Revolution and Empire 151
Introduction 153
The Ancien Régime in Crisis 153
The Moderate Phase of the French Revolution (1789-1791) 154
The Radical Phase of the French Revolution (1791-1794) 156
The Final Phase of the French Revolution: Thermidor and the Rise of Napoleon (1794-1799) 158
Post-Revolutionary France and the Napoleonic Code 158
Napoleon's Empire 159
The Decline and Fall of Napoleon and His Empire 160
Restoration 161
Review Questions 162
Rapid Review 164
Further Resources 164
18 The Industrial Revolution 165
Introduction 166
The Industrial Revolution Begins in Great Britain 167
The Factory System and the Division of Labor 167
Iron and Steel 168
New Sources of Power 168
The Railway Boom 169
The Reciprocal Nature of Heavy Industry 169
The Spread of Industrialization 170
Social Effects of Industrialization 171
Second Industrial Revolution 172
Science in an Industrial Age 175
Review Questions 176
Rapid Review 178
Further Resources 178
19 Cultural Responses to Revolution and Industrialization 179
Introduction 181
Political Ideologies in the Nineteenth Century 181
Cultural Ideologies in the Nineteenth Century 184
Review Questions 186
Rapid Review 188
Further Resources 188
20 Mass Politics and Nationalism 189
Introduction 190
Nationalism and State-Building 190
The Triumph of Conservative Nationalism 191
The Unification of Italy 191
The Unification of Germany 193
Mass Politics and Nationalism in the Habsburg Empire 195
Mass Politics and Nationalism in France 195
Mass Politics and Nationalism in Russia 196
Mass Politics and Nationalism in Great Britain 196
Review Questions 198
Rapid Review 200
Further Resources 200
21 Mass Politics and Imperialism 201
Introduction 202
Causes of the New Imperialism 202
The Scramble for Africa 203
Dominance in Asia 203
Review Questions 205
Rapid Review 206
Further Resources 207
22 Politics of the Extreme and World War I 209
Introduction 210
Labor Unions Begin in Britain, Then Spread to Other Countries 210
Socialist Parties in Britain, France, and Germany 210
Women's Suffrage Movements and Feminism 211
Anarchist Activity 212
Ultranationalism and Anti-Semitism 212
Zionism 212
The Causes of World War I 212
The Beginning of the War: 1914-1915 213
Total War 214
1916: "The Year of Bloodletting" 215
Russian Revolution and Withdrawal 215
Germany's Disintegration and the Peace Settlement 215
Review Questions 217
Rapid Review 218
Further Resources 219
23 The Interwar Years and World War II 221
Introduction 222
Problems and Challenges After World War I 222
The Weimar Republic in Germany 224
The Soviet Union in Economic Ruins 225
The Great Depression 226
The Rise of Fascism 226
World War II 229
Assessment and Aftermath of World War II 233
Review Questions 234
Rapid Review 236
Further Resources 236
24 The Cold War, Integration, and Globalization 237
Introduction 238
The Development of Nuclear Weapons 239
The Settlement Following World War II 239
The Cold War 240
The European Union 242
The Disintegration of the Iron Curtain and the Soviet Union 243
The Rise of Nationalism in Eastern Europe 245
Social, Economic, and Political Changes in Post-Cold War Europe 246
Challenges to the Welfare State 246
Review Questions 248
Rapid Review 249
Further Resources 250
25 Science and Culture 251
Step 5 Build Your Test-Taking Confidence
AP European History Practice Exam 1 Answer Sheet 257
Section I, Part A: Multiple-Choice Questions 259
Section I, Part B: Short-Answer Questions 273
Section II, Part A: Document-Based Question (DBQ) 275
Section II, Part B: Long-Essay Question 277
Answers and Explanations 279
AP European History Practice Exam 2 Answer Sheet 291
Section I, Part A: Multiple-Choice Questions 293
Section I, Part B: Short-Answer Questions 312
Section II, Part A: The Document-Based Question (DBQ) 313
Section II, Part B: The Long-Essay Question 316
Answers and Explanations 317
Resource Guide 331
Using Literary Works in European History 333
General Websites 335
General Background 337
Resources by Historical Period 339
