| Preface | xiii |
| Introduction | xvii |
| List of Abbreviations | xxxi |
1 | A Brief History of Domestic Security | 1 |
| Constitutional Foundations | 3 |
| Domestic Security Issues, 1789-2005 | 6 |
| The Al Qaeda Attacks of September 11, 2001 | 13 |
| Immediate Responses by the Bush Administration | 16 |
| The 2001 USA Patriot Act | 16 |
Title I | Enhancing Domestic Security Against Terrorism | 17 |
Title II | Enhanced Surveillance Procedures | 17 |
Title III | International Money Laundering Abatement and Anti-Terrorist Financing Act of 2001 | 18 |
Title IV | Protecting the Borders | 18 |
Title V | Removing Obstacles to Investigating Terrorism | 18 |
Title VI | Providing for Victims of Terrorism, Public Safety Officers, and Their Families | 19 |
Title VII | Increased Information Sharing for Critical Infrastructure Protection | 19 |
Title VIII | Strengthening the Criminal Laws Against Terrorism | 19 |
Title IX | Improved Intelligence | 19 |
Title X | Miscellaneous | 20 |
| Executive Order to Establish the Office of Homeland Security | 24 |
2 | Creating a Cabinet-Level Department of Homeland Security | 27 |
| Bush Reverses Course: Calls for Creation of a Department of Homeland Security | 28 |
| Politics in the Creation of the DHS | 33 |
| The Department of Homeland Security Act | 38 |
3 | Problems Facing the DHS and Proposed Solutions | 45 |
| Problems Confronting Homeland Security | 47 |
| DHS Problems | 48 |
| The Reorganization/Management Challenge Facing DHS | 48 |
| Budget and Funding Problems | 52 |
| Too Many Congressional Committees | 55 |
| The Intelligence "Information Sharing" Dilemma | 56 |
| Maritime Cargo Container and Port Security | 58 |
| Airport Security | 60 |
| Border Patrol Security | 63 |
| Private-Sector Security Problems | 66 |
| State and Local Government "First Responder" Problems | 70 |
| Some Proposed Solutions | 73 |
4 | Chronology | 81 |
5 | Biographical Profiles | 91 |
| Top Leadership in the DHS | 91 |
| Others Involved in the Creation of the U.S. DHS | 111 |
6 | Documents | 117 |
| Executive Order 13688: Office of Homeland Security and Homeland Security Council, October 8, 2001 | 117 |
| Presidential Message to the Congress of the United States on the Need to Create a Department of Homeland Security, June 18, 2002 | 125 |
| Congressional Summary of DHS Act of 2002, Public Law 107-296, November 25, 2002 | 132 |
| Testimony, the Nomination of The Honorable Tom Ridge to Be Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security, before the U.S. Senate Committee on Government Affairs, January 17, 2003 | 167 |
| Advancing the Management of Homeland Security: Protecting the Homeland: Lessons from Prior Governmental Reorganizations, National Academy of Public Administration, April 2003 | 178 |
7 | Directory of Organizations | 193 |
| Governmental | 193 |
| Nongovernmental | 199 |
8 | Print and Nonprint Resources | 207 |
| Index | 219 |
| About the Author | 235 |