Part I | Ancient Africa | 1 |
1 | The Beginnings of African History | 3 |
| The Geographic Base | 3 |
| The Genesis of Homo Sapiens | 9 |
| Africa and the Origins of Agriculture | 13 |
| The Agricultural Revolution in Egypt | 17 |
| The Distribution of African Populations | 21 |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | 26 |
2 | Africa in the Ancient World | 27 |
| Egypt and Kush | 27 |
| Mediterranean Africa | 37 |
| The Ancient Land of Axum | 41 |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | 45 |
3 | The States of the Western and Central Sudan | 47 |
| The World of the Desert | 47 |
| The Ecology of Sahel and Savanna | 51 |
| Traders in the Sahara and Sudan | 54 |
| The Golden Commerce | 57 |
| The Mercantile Civilization | 59 |
| Sudanic State Systems | 63 |
| The Kingdom of Ghana | 65 |
| The Rise and Fall of Mali | 67 |
| The Empire of Songhai | 69 |
| Kanem-Bornu and the Hausa States | 72 |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | 78 |
4 | The Cosmopolitan World of East Africa | 79 |
| The Rise of the City-States | 79 |
| The Portuguese on the East African Coast | 84 |
| The Omani Suzerainty | 88 |
| Ethiopia--The Trials of Isolation | 92 |
| Christians and Muslims in the Eastern Sudan | 100 |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | 102 |
5 | The West African Forest Civilization | 104 |
| The Land and the People | 104 |
| The Daily Life | 112 |
| Ife, Oyo, and the Rise of the Yoruba | 117 |
| The People of Benin | 119 |
| The Kingdom of Dahomey | 122 |
| The Akan States of Asante and Fante | 123 |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | 127 |
6 | The Great Migrations | 129 |
| The Civilization of Zimbabwe | 129 |
| The Bantu Speakers | 132 |
| Bantu Cultures | 136 |
| Cushitic and Nilotic Movements | 139 |
| Some Bantu and Nilotic Communities | 141 |
| Central African Bantu | 141 |
| Bunyoro and Buganda | 142 |
| The Kikuyu | 144 |
| Turkana Pastoralists | 146 |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | 148 |
7 | The Coming of Europe | 150 |
| The Roots of European Expansion | 150 |
| The Imperial Design of Portugal | 152 |
| The Portuguese in Kongo and Angola | 153 |
| The Arrival of the Dutch | 157 |
| The British and French in West Africa | 163 |
| The Nature of the European Impact | 164 |
| European Commerce | 170 |
| Africa and the Atlantic Slave Trade | 172 |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | 176 |
Part II | Revolutionary Africa | 179 |
8 | The Genesis of Modern Africa | 181 |
| The Age of Revolution | 181 |
| Muhammad Ali and the Modernization of Egypt | 183 |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | 187 |
9 | Religion and Empire in Western and Central Sudan | 188 |
| Prelude to the Great Jihads of the Nineteenth Century | 188 |
| Usuman dan Fodio and the Sokoto Jihad | 190 |
| Seku Ahmadu in Masina | 196 |
| The Jihad of al-Hajj Umar | 198 |
| Al-Kanemi and His Successors in Bornu | 200 |
| Samori and Rabih | 203 |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | 208 |
10 | The Eastern Sudan--Egyptian Expansionism and the Mahdist Revolution | 209 |
| Invasion from the North | 209 |
| The Ecology of Poverty | 211 |
| Egypt in the Sudan | 214 |
| The Southern Sudan and the Slave Trade | 218 |
| Backdrop to the Mahdi | 221 |
| The Mahdist Revolution | 222 |
| Epilogue--The Khalifa Abdallahi | 225 |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | 227 |
11 | Population Explosions in Southern Africa | 228 |
| Mfecane--The Road from Zululand | 228 |
| Central Africa and the Great Ngoni Trek | 233 |
| The Search for Security--Sebetwane and Mzilikazi | 236 |
| Moshoeshoe and the Diplomacy of Self-Defense | 239 |
| The Boer Trekkers | 241 |
| The Shape of Things to Come--South Africa at Mid-Century | 245 |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | 250 |
12 | West Africa and Europe's Humanitarian Revolution | 252 |
| The Enlightenment in West Africa | 252 |
| Colonization, Christianity, and Commerce | 255 |
| Senegal--The Jacobin Heritage | 258 |
| The Bible and the Plough | 259 |
| West African Kingdoms in the Nineteenth Century | 264 |
| The Vanishing Dream | 268 |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | 273 |
13 | Commerce and Statecraft in Eastern and Central Africa | 275 |
| The Rise of International Trade | 275 |
| The Economic Imperialism of Sayyid Said | 279 |
| Firearms and the Shifting Ecology of the Interior | 283 |
| Mirambo, Tippu Tip, and the Demise of Merchant Imperialism | 286 |
| Buganda and the International Trade | 289 |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | 291 |
Part III | Colonial Africa | 293 |
14 | The Partition of Africa | 295 |
| The Berlin Conference | 295 |
| Partition--The Causes | 298 |
| Partition--The Process | 303 |
| Partition--The African Response | 310 |
| Modernization and Independence in Ethiopia | 314 |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | 320 |
15 | Early Nationalist Stirrings in West Africa | 322 |
| Adaptation and Survival | 322 |
| Politics and Commerce in Senegal | 324 |
| Sierra Leone and African Nationalist Self-Consciousness | 328 |
| Edward Blyden Creates a Philosophy of African Nationalism | 331 |
| Liberia and the Tribulations of Independence | 335 |
| The Demise of the Forest Kingdoms | 337 |
| Abortive Alliance--The Westernized Africans and the Traditional Authorities | 340 |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | 344 |
16 | The Foundations of Progress and Poverty in Southern Africa | 345 |
| The Birth of a New Society | 345 |
| Britain and Complexities of Colonial Stewardship | 346 |
| The Revolution of Diamonds and Gold | 348 |
| The Road to Union | 352 |
| The Other Union | 358 |
| Beyond the Limpopo-- | 363 |
| --And Across the Zambezi | 368 |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | 374 |
17 | Colonialism and Nation Making in East Africa | 375 |
| The Logic of European Imperialism | 375 |
| British Paternalism in Uganda | 376 |
| Kenya--Racialism in a Colonial Society | 380 |
| Kenya--Alien Rule and African Response | 384 |
| Kenya--The Onset of African Political and Social Aspirations | 386 |
| The Tanganyikan Colony and Mandate | 389 |
| Multiple Colonialism in Zanzibar | 392 |
| British Rule and Nationalist Stirrings in the Nile Valley | 394 |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | 397 |
18 | Between Two World Wars--Nationalist Frustrations in West Africa | 399 |
| West Africa and the First World War | 399 |
| The Theory and Practice of Colonial Administration | 400 |
| Nationalist Politics in West Africa Between the Two World Wars | 404 |
| The National Congress of British West Africa | 414 |
| The Pan-African Movement | 416 |
| Liberia and African Nationalism | 419 |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | 422 |
19 | In the Heart of Darkness | 424 |
| The Unity of Diversity | 424 |
| The Belgian Congo | 425 |
| French Equatorial Africa | 433 |
| Portuguese Angola and Mozambique | 438 |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | 442 |
20 | The Two Societies of Southern Africa | 444 |
| Apartheid--Colonialism in South Africa | 444 |
| Apartheid and the Republic of South Africa | 451 |
| African Nationalism in South Africa | 453 |
| South-West Africa and the High Commission Territories | 458 |
| The Theory and Practice of Partnership in Central Africa | 460 |
| The Rise and Fall of Federation in Central Africa | 464 |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | 469 |
Part IV | Independent Africa | 471 |
21 | Toward Independence | 473 |
| The Foundations of Freedom | 473 |
| The Changing World | 479 |
| Independence Movements in the Northeast | 481 |
| The West African Catalyst | 484 |
| Independence--The French-African Variant | 491 |
| The Crisis of Independence in the Congo | 495 |
| East African Uhuru | 499 |
| Black and White Independence in Central Africa | 507 |
| The Haves and the Have-Nots | 511 |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | 512 |
22 | Independence Economics | 515 |
| The Meaning of Freedom | 515 |
| Alternatives of Economic Development | 516 |
| The Problems of Modernization | 520 |
| Agriculture | 520 |
| Mining | 523 |
| Industry | 525 |
| The Vagaries of Economic Growth | 528 |
| The Crisis of Foreign Debt | 534 |
| A Faltering Development | 536 |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | 539 |
23 | States and Nations | 540 |
| The Indispensable Unity | 540 |
| Decline of the Parties | 541 |
| The Soldiers | 549 |
| Civil War | 553 |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | 563 |
24 | Disintegrating Citadels in the South | 564 |
| Portugal Bows Out | 564 |
| From Rhodesia to Zimbabwe | 568 |
| Namibia--The Last African Colony | 572 |
| The Afrikaner Laager | 574 |
| "Freedom in Our Lifetime" | 578 |
| A New South Africa | 582 |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | 583 |
25 | African Cultural Independence--Ideals and Complexities | 585 |
| Negritude | 585 |
| An Independent African Civilization | 589 |
| Europe and the African Personality | 592 |
| The Victims | 596 |
| Independence and the African Woman | 599 |
| Ecological Imperatives | 602 |
| Economic Development and the Wars | 605 |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | 607 |
| Index | 609 |