Table of Contents

Foreword. Introduction. Water quality - introduction. Background. Surface water quality. Groundwater quality. Water use and water quality deterioration. References and further reading. Water quality monitoring. General considerations. Purpose of monitoring. Information requirements. Elements of water quality monitoring. Monitoring for management. References and further reading. Design of a monitoring programme. Objectives of a water quality monitoring programme. Description of the monitoring area. Selecting sampling stations. Selection of variables. Frequency and timing of sampling. Design examples on selection of sampling sites. References and further reading. Implementing a monitoring programme. Laboratory infrastructure. Transport. Staffing. Planning for implementation of a monitoring programme. Communication. Field work. Preparation of sample bottles. Preparation for a sample visit. Conducting field work. Sample preservation. Sample reception by laboratory. References and further reading. Sampling. Sampling procedures. Water samplers. Types of samples. Guidelines for sampling. Preparation, transportation and storage of samples. References and further reading. Field testing. General. Temperature. Transparency. pH. Conductivity (or specific conductance). Dissolved oxygen. Faecal coliforms. Quality control in the field. References and further reading. Physical and chemical analyses. General. Alkalinity. Aluminium. Biochemical Oxygen Demand, (BOD). Chemical Oxygen Demand, (COD). Boron. Calcium. Chloride. Chlorophyll-a. Flouride. Iron. Magnesium. Manganese. Nitrogen, ammonia. Nitrogen, kjeldahl. Nitrogen, nitrate. Phosphorus. Potassiuim. Selenium. Reactive silica. Sodium. Sulfate. Total dissolved solids. Total suspended solids. References and further reading. Advanced instrumental analysis. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). Gas Chromatograpgy (GC). Flame photometry. Total, organic and inorganic carbon. Analytical quality control. Introduction and terminology. General principles. Quality assurance. Internal quality control (IQC). Inter-laboratory comparison. Summary. Bibliography, references and further reading. Microbiological analyses. General. Statistics and information. Information for decisions. Reporting. Graphical presentation of results. References and further reading. Annex 1: Field kits and their suppliers. Annex 2: List of reviewers. Index.