Anatomy & Physiology Super Review
304Anatomy & Physiology Super Review
304Paperback(Second Edition, Revised)
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Product Details
ISBN-13: | 9780738611228 |
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Publisher: | Research & Education Association |
Publication date: | 08/08/2013 |
Series: | Super Reviews Study Guides |
Edition description: | Second Edition, Revised |
Pages: | 304 |
Sales rank: | 660,840 |
Product dimensions: | 5.40(w) x 8.10(h) x 0.70(d) |
Age Range: | 16 - 18 Years |
Read an Excerpt
Introducing the Human Body
1.1 Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy - Anatomy is the study of the structure of body parts. It is also the study of the relationship among these parts. The heart, for example, consists of chambers, valves, and associated blood vessels.
Physiology - Physiology is the study of the function of body parts. The parts of the heart, for example, work together to pump the blood throughout the body.
There is a close association between anatomy and physiology. Structure complements function. The four chambers of the heart have muscular walls that contract to pump the blood. The makeup of the valves prevents the backflow of blood.
1.2 Levels of Organization
The anatomy of the human body is composed of different levels of organization. These levels represent a series of steps. Each level is a building step for the next level. These levels are:
Atom - All matter consists of elements. These simple substances exist as discrete, submicroscopic particles called atoms. The four most common elements of the human body are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Molecule - Atoms bond into molecules. About 65 percent of human body weight consists of water molecules. Smaller molecules bond into larger molecules that have biological functions. Monosaccharides (e.g., glucose), for example, bond into polysaccharides (e.g., starch). These carbohydrates are an energy source.
Organelle - Molecules compose the parts of the cell called organelles. Each of these parts carries out a specific function. The ribosome, for example, is the site of protein synthesis.
Cell - The cell is the smallest unit displaying the properties of life. Cells tend to specialize. There are about 200 different kinds of specialized cells in the human body. Neurons (nerve cells) send signals. Leukocytes (white blood cells) fight infection.
Tissue - Similar cells function together in a tissue. Muscle cells work together in skeletal muscle tissue. These cells contract, producing body movement.
Organ - Two or more tissues work together in an organ. The heart is an organ that consists of several tissue types.
Organ Systems - Organs with related functions are part of the same organ system. The heart and blood vessels are organs of the circulatory system. They function to circulate the blood throughout the body.
Organism - All organ systems make up the organism. The organ systems of the human body include the nervous, circulatory, respiratory, and digestive systems.
1.3 Anatomical Terms
Anatomical terms are used to describe the makeup of the body accurately and concisely. All of these terms are used with reference to anatomical position. In this position the subject studied is facing forward and standing erect. The arms are hanging at the sides. The palms and toes are pointed forward.
1.3.1 Directional Terms
Directional terms compare the relative position of one body part to another body part. These terms occur in pairs. The members of each pair have opposite meanings.
Superior/Inferior - Superior means closer to the head. Inferior means closer to the feet. The neck is superior when compared to the chest, which is inferior. When compared to the abdomen, the chest is superior and the abdomen is inferior.
Anterior/Posterior - Anterior (ventral) refers to a part that is closer to the front of the body. Posterior (dorsal) refers to a part that is closer to the back. The heart is anterior when compared to the vertebral column, which is posterior. When compared to the sternum (breastbone), the heart is posterior and the sternum is anterior.
Medial/Lateral - Medial refers to a part that is closer to an imaginary midline passing vertically through the body. Lateral refers to a part that is farther from this midline. The nose is medial when compared to the eyes (lateral). When compared to the ears, the eyes are medial. The ears are lateral.
Proximal/Distal - Proximal refers to a part of a limb that is closer to the trunk (torso) of the body. Distal refers to a limb part that is farther from the trunk. The forearm is proximal when compared to the wrist (distal). The wrist is proximal when compared to the fingers (distal).
Other directional terms include:
Superficial - Closer to the surface of the body
Deep - Farther away from the surface of the body
Parietal - Referring to the wall of a body cavity
Visceral - Referring to an organ within the body cavity
1.3.2 Planes and Sections of the Body
Imaginary incisions can be made through the body to study the internal anatomy. These sections represent imaginary planes.
Sagittal Plane - A sagittal plane passes through the body longitudinally, dividing it into left and right regions. A midsagittal section passes through the midline of the body.
Coronal (Frontal) Plane - A coronal plane passes through the body longitudinally, dividing it into anterior and posterior regions.
Transverse Plane - A transverse plane passes through the body horizontally, dividing it into superior and inferior regions. These sections can also pertain to organs of the body. Sagittal, coronal, and transverse planes all pass through the heart.
1.3.3 Body Cavities
There are two main cavities of the human body, the dorsal cavity and ventral cavity. Each cavity is divided into subcavities.
Dorsal Cavity - The dorsal cavity consists of the cranial cavity and spinal cavity. The cranial cavity is formed by the superior bones of the skull. It contains the brain. The spinal cavity is formed by a series of vertebrae. It contains the spinal cord.
Ventral Cavity - The ventral cavity consists of thoracic and abdominopelvic subcavities.
The thoracic cavity is superior to the diaphragm. It is subdivided into a left and right pleural cavity. The pleural cavities contain the lungs. The mediastinum is the space between the pleural cavities. It contains the trachea (windpipe), esophagus, thymus gland, and heart. The heart is contained within a separate cavity of the mediastinum, the pericardial cavity.
The abdominopelvic cavity is inferior to the diaphragm. The larger abdominal portion contains the liver, gallbladder, stomach, small intestine, and most of the large intestine. The smaller pelvic portion contains the rest of the large intestine, bladder, and reproductive organs.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Introducing the Human Body
1.1 Anatomy and Physiology
1.2 Levels of Organization
1.3 Anatomical Terms
1.4 Organ Systems
1.5 Homeostasis
Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life
2.1 Elements and Atoms
2.2 Water
2.3 Organic Compounds
Quiz: Human Body and Chemistry of Life
Chapter 3 Cells
3.1 Cell Structures
3.2 Cell Transport
3.3 Cell Reproduction
Quiz: Cells
Chapter 4 Tissues
4.1 Epithelium
4.2 Connective Tissue
4.3 Muscle Tissue
4.4 Nerve Tissue
Chapter 5 The Skin
5.1 Functions
5.2 Structure
5.3 Accessory Structures
5.4 Membranes
Quiz: Tissues and the Skin
Chapter 6 The Skeletal System
6.1 Functions
6.2 Growth and Development
6.3 Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
6.4 Microscopic Anatomy of a Bone
6.5 Axial Skeleton
6.6 Appendicular Skeleton
6.7 Articulations
Quiz: The Skeletal System
Chapter 7 The Skeletal Muscles
7.1 Functions
7.2 Structure of a Skeletal Muscle
7.3 Mechanism of a Muscle Contraction
7.4 Patterns of a Muscle Contraction
7.5 Motions
7.6 Naming of Skeletal Muscles
7.7 Skeletal Muscles – Body Regions
Quiz: The Skeletal Muscles
Chapter 8 The Nervous System
8.1 Divisions of the Nervous System
8.2 Neuron/Glial Cell
8.3 Reflex Arc
8.4 Central Nervous System
8.5 Peripheral Nervous System
Quiz: The Nervous System
Chapter 9 The Sense Organs
9.1 Receptors
9.2 Eye
9.3 Ear
Quiz: The Sense Organs
Chapter 10 The Endocrine System
10.1 Hormone Action
10.2 Endocrine Glands
10.3 Pituitary Gland
10.4 Thyroid Gland
10.5 Parathyroid Glands
10.6 Adrenal Glands
10.7 Pancreas
10.8 Gonads
10.9 Other Hormones and Endocrine Glands
Quiz: The Endocrine System
Chapter 11 The Circulatory System
11.1 Functions
11.2 Blood
11.3 Heart – Structure and Function
11.4 Blood Vessels – Structure and Function
11.5 Lymphatic System
Quiz: The Circulatory System
Chapter 12 The Respiratory System
12.1 Respiration
12.2 Breathing – Physiology
12.3 External Respiration
12.4 Internal Respiration
Quiz: The Respiratory System
Chapter 13 The Digestive System
13.1 Digestion
13.2 Anatomy – Digestive Tract and Accessory Structures
13.3 Physiology of the Digestive System
Quiz: The Digestive System
Chapter 14 The Renal System
14.1 Anatomy
14.2 Renal Physiology
Quiz: The Renal System
Chapter 15 The Reproductive System
15.1 Male Reproductive System
15.2 Female Reproductive System
15.3 Female Reproductive Cycle
Chapter 16 Development
16.1 Embryonic Development
16.2 Fetal Development
16.3 Parturition
16.4 Postnatal Development
Quiz: The Reproductive System and Development