Table of Contents

Preface xvii

Part 1 Inventive Knowledge and Inventive Intellectual Corpus 1

Chapter 1 Nature of Inventive Knowledge 3

1.1 Knowledge levels 3

1.1.1 Knowledge in everyday life 4

1.1.2 Scientific knowledge 4

1.1.3 Knowledge in the Japanese intellectual tradition 4

1.1.4 Knowledge according to cognitive science 5

1.2 The limits of knowledge 6

1.3 Value chain and knowledge evolution chain 7

1.3.1 The knowledge value chain inspired by Porter 7

1.3.2 The DIKW knowledge evolution chain 16

1.4 Inventive knowledge concepts 21

1.4.1 Current and fruitful ideas 21

1.4.2 Depth of inventive knowledge 22

1.5 Cognitive and social dimensions of the knowledge actor 22

1.5.1 From erudite (scholar) to expert 23

1.5.2 From expert to inventor 23

1.6 Conclusion 24

Chapter 2 Representation and Analysis of Inventive Knowledge 25

2.1 The concept of dematerialized knowledge object 25

2.1.1 Founding principle 25

2.1.2 Illustration by electromagnetic wave detection object 26

2.1.3 Application to the description included in patents 27

2.2 Cartography or mapping 28

2.2.1 Introduction 28

2.2.2 Information mapping 28

2.2.3 Knowledge mapping 29

2.3 The map 30

2.3.1 Introduction to the map 30

2.3.2 Types of maps 31

2.4 Cognitive mapping 32

2.5 The cognitive map 32

2.6 A reasoned procedure for analyzing inventive knowledge 35

2.6.1 Introduction 35

2.6.2 Work on a knowledge structure 36

2.6.3 Example of an invention file 37

2.7 Conclusion 40

Chapter 3 Knowledge: Bridge between Innovation, Invention and Intellectual Property 41

3.1 Innovation 41

3.1.1 Multidimensional aspect of innovation 41

3.1.2 Innovation procedures and processes 42

3.2 Invention and the ability to invent 44

3.2.1 Concept of inventiveness 44

3.2.2 Concept of creativity 44

3.2.3 Combining creativity and inventiveness 46

3.3 Intellectual property rights 46

3.3.1 General information on intellectual property rights and copyright 46

3.3.2 The patent 47

3.3.3 Summary 48

3.4 Analysis of the links between invention, innovation and inventive intellectual corpus 48

3.4.1 Links between industrial property rights and innovation 48

3.4.2 Links between industrial property rights and invention 49

3.4.3 Links between invention and intellectual property rights 51

3.4.4 Links between innovation and intellectual property rights 51

3.4.5 Links between invention and innovation 51

3.4.6 Links between innovation and invention 51

3.4.7 Reciprocal links of the inventive activity and the inventive intellectual corpus 51

3.5 The nature of the bridges between knowledge domains 53

3.5.1 The perspective of economists 54

3.5.2 The knowledge management perspective on innovation 54

3.5.3 The perspective of KBI (Knowledge-Based Innovation) 55

3.6 Conclusion 55

Chapter 4 Knowledge Capital and Inventive Intellectual Corpus 57

4.1 Knowledge capital and intellectual corpus 57

4.1.1 Knowledge capital 57

4.1.2 Intellectual corpus 57

4.2 Inventive intellectual corpus 64

4.2.1 Dematerialized nature of the inventive intellectual corpus 64

4.2.2 Epistemic diagram of the inventive intellectual corpus 64

4.2.3 Inventive intellectual corpus versus intangible capital 65

4.2.4 Inventive intellectual corpus and creation of inventive knowledge 65

4.2.5 Traces in the inventive intellectual corpus 68

4.3 Projection of the inventive intellectual corpus on the inventive knowledge map ® 69

4.4 Conclusion 71

Part 2 Knowledge-Based Innovation 75

Chapter 5 Innovation Dynamics and Innovation as a Mode of Innovative Problem Solving 77

5.1 Innovation dynamics 77

5.2 Using knowledge to find innovative solutions 79

5.2.1 Relationship between knowledge management and innovation within the general framework 79

5.2.2 Relationship between knowledge management and innovation within the context of research and development activities 83

5.2.3 Known knowledge management methods instrumenting innovation 83

5.3 Overview of some common methods and techniques 84

5.4 Innovation and knowledge evolution by the principle of divergence-convergence 85

5.5 Innovation and knowledge evolution by the principle of analogy 86

5.6 Innovation and knowledge evolution by the principle of expansion 87

5.7 Generalization: global problem-solving process 88

5.8 Conclusion 89

Chapter 6 Innovation in Ideation Mode 91

6.1 The concept of ideation 91

6.2 Knowledge-based innovation (KBI) field 91

6.2.1 Relationship between knowledge management and innovation 92

6.2.2 Management by the strategic capabilities portfolio 92

6.2.3 Knowledge-based innovation as a process 92

6.2.4 Two key hypotheses 93

6.2.5 Systemic evolution 94

6.2.6 Path dependency 96

6.3 Principle of emergence 97

6.3.1 Need for a new principle for creativity 97

6.3.2 Principle of emergence 98

6.4 Theoretical model of knowledge evolution (the “chaotically” inspired model of knowledge evolution by emergence) 100

6.4.1 Step 1: knowledge, a complex system 100

6.4.2 Step 2: knowledge creation, an evolution of the knowledge system 101

6.4.3 Step 3: description of knowledge evolution by another complex system 102

6.4.4 Step 4: generalization of the evolution process to any complex system evolving over time 102

6.5 Theoretical model of inventive knowledge creation (step 5) 105

6.6 Instantiation of the “chaotically” inspired model of knowledge evolution by the ICAROS ® method (step 6) 107

6.7 The purpose of ideation for innovation 110

6.8 Conclusion 110

Chapter 7 Implementation of the ICAROS ® Method: Case Study 113

7.1 Introduction to the case study 113

7.2 Funnel model 113

7.3 Presentation of the experiment context 114

7.3.1 Concept of Knowledge and Technology Areas Portfolio 115

7.3.2 Adaptation of the Knowledge and Technology Areas Portfolio concept to the company under observation: the Knowledge and Technology Areas Portfolio 117

7.4 Preliminary step: constitution of cognitive stimulus 118

7.4.1 Structuring of the intellectual corpus by knowledge domain 118

7.4.2 Development of cognitive stimulus 124

7.5 Course 130

7.5.1 Individual stimulation session 131

7.5.2 Seminar 137

7.5.3 Dissemination 147

7.6 Conclusion in the form of lessons learned 147

Part 3 Inventive Activity and Visibility of Inventive Potential 151

Chapter 8 The Inventive Potential of a Company 153

8.1 Reminder on inventive activity 153

8.2 Notion of inventive potential 154

8.3 Annual innovation and invention activity file 154

8.4 Concept of making the inventive potential visible 156

8.5 Inventive data knowledge base 158

8.6 Introduction to the activation of inventive knowledge extracted from inventive intellectual corpus 158

8.7 Conclusion 160

Chapter 9 Managerial Applications 161

9.1 Reasoned contribution to technical strategic decision-making support 161

9.2 Strategic surveillance 162

9.2.1 Introduction 162

9.2.2 The place of strategic surveillance in overall performance steering 162

9.2.3 Knowledge management and environment surveillance 165

9.2.4 Interaction between knowledge capital and its environment 166

9.2.5 Knowledge-based strategic surveillance 168

9.3 Information system on patent portfolio management 172

9.3.1 Introduction 173

9.3.2 The patent file considered as a knowledge object 173

9.3.3 Description of the patent information system 174

9.3.4 Descriptive sheet of a patent file 177

9.3.5 Presentation support for the inventor’s working file 178

9.3.6 Applications 178

9.4 Valorization of inventive activity associated with intangible assets 183

9.4.1 Limits of automated analysis of technical information contained in a patent portfolio 184

9.4.2 Limits to the quality of the drafting of patent files 186

9.4.3 Identification of the knowledge generated by the inventive activity involved in the patent 187

9.5 Publication policy 187

9.6 Determination of the inventive activity for the research tax credit 188

9.6.1 Industrial research and development 188

9.6.2 Characteristics of the research tax credit in France 189

9.6.3 Application of inventive knowledge engineering methods 191

9.7 Reasoned contribution to innovation management 195

9.8 The knowledge worker 196

9.8.1 Knowledge worker definitions 196

9.8.2 Characteristics of the knowledge worker 196

9.8.3 The knowledge worker in their relationship with the law 197

9.8.4 Knowledge Manager 199

9.9 A new profession: the inventive activity expert 202

9.10 The cognitive scientist and inventive activity expert pair 203

9.11 Need for a change in culture 203

9.11.1 Compatibility of conventional companies with the development of creativity 203

9.11.2 New knowledge-based organization 204

9.12 Conclusion 204

Part 4 Perspectives 207

Chapter 10 Knowledge Assessment Based on Knowledge 209

10.1 Introduction 209

10.2 Fundamental principles of knowledge management 212

10.2.1 The virtuous circle of knowledge management 212

10.2.2 Notion of critical knowledge 213

10.2.3 Reminder: ascent along the knowledge evolution chain 214

10.3 Reminder on the social mechanism for stimulating creativity and reflexivity 215

10.3.1 Reminder on the model of “chaotic” evolution 215

10.3.2 Instantiation of the creativity process: the ICAROS ® method 215

10.4 Transposition to the knowledge assessment field 216

10.4.1 Application of the fundamental principles of knowledge management 216

10.4.2 Application of the social mechanism of stimulation 217

10.5 Case study (2019–2020 academic year) 218

10.5.1 Context 218

10.5.2 Objectives of the action research 219

10.5.3 Preparation of the framework 219

10.5.4 Precautions taken with regard to students 221

10.5.5 Example of exercise subject terms 221

10.5.6 Analysis of the score database 224

10.5.7 Benefits of the analysis in the institution 231

10.5.8 Lessons learned and perspectives 231

10.6 Conclusion 232

Chapter 11 Towards an IKM ® : Inventive Knowledge Management 235

11.1 Introduction to the second level of the ICAROS ® method 235

11.1.1 Reminder on the first level of the ICAROS ® method 235

11.1.2 The second level of the ICAROS ® method 236

11.1.3 Notions of creativity 238

11.1.4 Contribution of creativity and inventiveness to ideation 246

11.2 Knowledge-based ideation 248

11.2.1 Introduction to the Idea according to Plato 248

11.2.2 Knowledge-based ideation and supervenience 249

11.2.3 Gestalt theory 252

11.2.4 Synthesis of knowledge-based ideation 258

11.3 Inventive profile engineering 259

11.4 Perspectives from the academic point of view 261

11.4.1 Inventive knowledge creation process as a study object in itself 261

11.4.2 Theoretical approach to knowledge by the physical sciences 261

11.4.3 Extension of the exploration to non-creativity 262

11.4.4 Reminder on the path hypothesis 262

11.5 Conclusion 263

Glossary 265

References 281

Index 295