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Autumn Leaves

Philosophical Library

SPRING

IN my time (I mean at the time of my youth), it did not happen this way.

We would not have put up with these false exits, these re-entrances, these unexpected returns of winter after the stage was already set for the new fantasy. In my time, they knew how to abide by the rules. Rimbaud could write: "Eucharis tells me it is spring"; and after that you didn't have to light the stoves any more. And it is not so much that the actors don't know their roles to-day, but that they play them unseasonably. For ten or fifteen years springtime's entrance has been a wash-out. You would like to go to the opening performance; nothing is ready. A glacial wind whistles through the delicate frondescence; the fruit-trees have budded too soon; they wait in vain for heaven's answer and warm breezes; the bees are numb and fertilization jeopardized; you say: it is postponed until later, and you bury yourself again in meditation and reading; but no: the play has begun just the same; and when, on raising your eyes from the book, you look out, you are distressed to see that the impatient vegetation is going right along without worrying too much because the rest of the orchestra is lagging behind or is not following.

In my time, winter tiptoed away; step by step, it gave up its place; it had finally pronounced its last word, and you counted on the sun; the sap could mount without fear and the swollen buds open. Even then we would have been willing for spring to be late; but not for it to beat about the bush and to lose its ease and grace in those altercations with the bad season, up to the point of becoming unrecognizable; with the result that (I know exactly what's going to happen), again this year, summer is going to arrive suddenly as though it came immediately after winter.

At least, this year, before meeting up again with the north wind and the gloom of the sky in Paris, I had left behind, half hidden under the flowers, the beautiful ruins of Olympus. Leaving Greece regretfully, I had passed through Yugoslavia fallen a prey to a frenzy of pink and white, admired the groves of wild lilac, fruit-trees, cherry or pear, quivering with whiteness, and here and there the slender, rosy sprays of peach-trees, all more beautiful than I remembered they could be; then, at the edge of the water, a great yellow flower, with the bearing of the asphodel, that I was not yet acquainted with, and whose name I should have liked to know.

The image of spring is formed by the super-impression of many memories. To those of former days are now added for me that of the marvelous public gardens of Athens; an avenue of Judas-trees forming an arch, a vast space completely covered by fragrant bunches of wistaria, where, on numerous benches, an entire nation, idle, came to listen to the singing of the birds, and to forget, for an hour, the occupation of Albania.

I don't remember being very sensitive to spring in my early youth. I think the small child for whom everything is new, is not very surprised at miracles. The springtime of life begins with adolescence. When the heart swells with a vague love and virtuous resolutions at the same time, and the flesh with restless desires, then only one understands, by feeling it in the same way within oneself, the miraculous springtide. Yes, to be sensitive to spring, collusion is necessary and one must take part in the game itself. Then the adolescent suddenly trembles on hearing, at dawn, the song of the blackbird (rue de Commaille, where I then lived with my mother; the window of my room opened on a deep garden); he blushes on hearing his throbbing secret divulged; then cheers up; the whole city is still sleeping; he is the only one to hear; it is a matter between the blackbird and himself; and when man in his turn awakes, the bird falls silent.

(A little later I spent my Easter vacation in Calvados....) Anyone who has not gotten up before dawn does not know all the quivering, the uncertain rustling, the murmuring, that can glide into the copses in the springtime. The ardent adolescent, tormented by an unknown restlessness, leaves his scorching bed to go in quest of the key to the mystery. It is the hour when the sky, in the east, begins to pale. Like a prisoner escaping, he leaves his room, goes groping along the corridor still in darkness; he descends the stairs noiselessly, carefully avoiding the step which he knows his foot would make creak, for he is afraid of waking his mother; he draws the bolts of the streetdoor, which he opens; and now he is under the vast sky, alone, wild with delight and skipping like a dancer; his step, as he crosses the yard, is so light that it hardly makes the gravel crunch; he runs toward the footpath in the woods, enters it, offers his face to the dew that the branches are shaking on it; he is in league with the game; the deer do not flee; the squirrel hides behind a tree but it is for the fun of it; he comes to the edge of the wood and, on the damp fields, surprises the erotic gambols of the hare and his doe. When, intoxicated with delight and rapture, he reaches home where his parents are still asleep, he hears sounding afar off the angelus.

I have seen, since, the plains of Morocco turn iridescent, become sprinkled with orange-colored marigolds, with little blue convolvulus and with many a smiling flower. I have seen, under the palm trees of El Kantara, sheltered by the high palms, the white apricot-trees which, humming with bees, shelter in turn the barley fields. I have seen the cemetery of Blidah (which is now, alas! nothing but a barracks) fill up with roses; its sacred woods with the singing of birds. I came there as a convalescent and felt, as though within me, the whole of nature finally awakening from her winter lethargy. I have seen the plains of Lombardy risk their first smiles; I have seen Rome and Florence filling up with bouquets....

Some years ago, I wanted to surprise, on the icy plateaus of the Alps, the first quivering of life in answer to the first caresses of the sun. But I got there too soon; on the close-cropped turf the melting of the snow made little lakes in which were reflected the austere pines and the skeleton-like larch-trees. Some russet heather seemed to be resigned to death; nothing was ready; nature was still sulking. I thought I was on the boards of a theatre during the intermission, when they are getting ready for a change of scenery; I was indiscreetly present at what the drop-curtain hides from the eyes of the audience awaiting the striking of the gong; and it might also have been said that, half dried of winter, there still trailed over the ground, as in a room during the process of moving, rotten matting and those hideous cloths used for scouring the flagstones and that are called, I believe, serpillières, of which the mounds of rusty, old, last year's ferns made me think irresistibly. And I was about to turn back toward more pleasing country, when suddenly, on climbing up a little eminence and leaving behind me the sleeping forest, I discovered, on an open space where patches of snow still lingered, a mass of little white crocuses, silky and delicate, that could no longer restrain their impatience to put in a word, and were risking their fragility through the thick carpet of the mosses. And I could have wept for tenderness, for this reaffirmation of love and life never seems more moving than when death surrounds it. In like manner the big pale lavender choke-weeds took on an unexpected elegance in the desolate sand of the desert. So it was at Olympus, that last spring among the ruins.

I remember ... it was beyond Touggourt; we had ridden for a long time over the arid dunes to reach a miserable village composed of a few low sand-colored houses; insensible to the seasons, it appeared. The few Arabs parked there, around a Zaouia, must have partaken of life in a very sorry fashion; anchorites, doubtless, who had no contacts except with God. One of the monks led us into a little inner courtyard, without shade or coolness, but in the middle of which diligent care was keeping alive a very delicate bush that the season was inviting, in spite of the barrenness all around, to bloom. I remember the tender smile of the Arab when, indicating to us his few fragrant flowers, he said only: Yasmin! and our eyes filled with tears.

Yes, it is of all those memories piled one on the other that I construct the abstract image of spring. And that, too, is what causes my restlessness on the first fine days: I should like to be able to contemplate the springtide everywhere at the same time. With the result that I am not perfectly comfortable anywhere, even if it were in the most beautiful garden in the world, or even in my little garden at Cuverville at the time when I was personally acquainted with each flower. As soon as the air is warm enough and the sky blue, I wish to evaporate into the whole of nature, carried away by the passing breeze, floating without bonds here and there. Oh! never to be anywhere but somewhere! never to be anyone but someone....

* * *

Springtime is a gradual growth; it is the season of preparation and of hope. I have always preferred the bud full of promise to the full bloom of the flower, desire to possession, progress to achievement, adolescence to maturity. Not that there is any disappointment in summer, but it is a season at its zenith which will end in decline. "Summer is the season of nest building," said Victor Hugo; "spring, the season of love." If the flower were not attached to its stem, it would flee at the approach of man, like the insect or the bird; for the attribute of man on the earth, at least as long as he does not better understand his role, is to worry and frighten what he is not interested in taming for utilitarian purposes. Man is skillful in mistreating everything he can use; often skillful equally, alas! for material reasons, in putting a check, all about him, on happiness. The gardens he arranges are beautiful, but could be very much more so. Most of the time, he confuses, messes up and breaks the harmony. If his ingenuity concerned itself with protecting the rare and exquisite which is almost always the delicate and weak, if he took greater care to favor the joy of others than to sacrifice it in order to entrench his own authority more firmly, "the face of the world" could be changed.

But this impulse toward blissfulness that each springtime introduces to us remains as delusive as the full bloom of summer. We see only the elect, who are but a very small number compared to the enormous number of the failures, the eliminated, of those who do not attain happiness. Darwin gives a striking picture of that field of battle that is the tiniest patch of earth where everything that lives enters necessarily into competition and struggles ferociously, desperately for life, struggles for pleasure and for love. In the vegetable world, the strongest and best endowed supplant and strangle the weak, rob them of their nourishing sap, the air, the place that their need of joy would have the right to expect. Unless we bend over them, we do not see the latter, but only those that triumph; and if the whole earth, in the springtime, seems to offer us an immense hymn of joy, it is because we remain deaf to the Vae Victis. Already on a single plant, on the same tree, how many sleeping shoots will never awaken to life! How many buds will remain unopened, how many flowers unfertilized, or whose efforts will afterwards remain vain to profit by a sufficiency of sap that their neighbors, more greedy or better placed, will steal from them. It happens that the gardener lends an expert hand to these dramas in our orchards and gardens; in order to obtain a larger flower, a heavier fruit, he suppresses with authority twin promises.

In the animal kingdom, we gaze at the happy couples; the rejected and the bruised hide away. For certain species we know that one insect out of a hundred arrives at fulfillment; for others, one out of a thousand. Sometimes a single male jealously reserves his personal rights over a whole seraglio; woe to the other males who approach it or woe to him. And from species to species, even if one does not sacrifice the other to his own subsistence, murderous rivalries maintain a sort of equilibrium disputed ceaselessly, in the perpetual competition for space and nourishment. The appearance of happiness is obtained only by the almost immediate elimination of the infirm and the weak. Nature acts like those South Sea Islanders who, we are told, make the sick and the aged climb up into a tree, on certain holidays, then shake the tree and sacrifice those who have not the strength to hold on. After which the traveler who comes up can admire, you can bet on it! the smiling and jolly aspect of the population.

Most certainly it would be imprudent to draw from these statements any teaching whatever. Moreover it is not as a moralist that I speak here. I am not of those who search and find lessons endlessly, and everywhere, without for that reason becoming any wiser. Nor am I of those who say:

I dream of summers that last Forever

and I believe it preferable to adapt oneself as well as possible to what is. I find charm and pleasure in alternation, rather than in continuity. The perpetual summer of the tropics is vexing in that it prevents the springtime. As Saint-Amant said so exquisitely:

The orange on the same day ripens and buds,
And during all the months can be seen in those places
Both spring and summer blending in with the autumn ...

so that one never knows where one is. I like the seasons well defined, and see to it that I do not confuse the kinds. Among the flowers, I forget the fruits, and reserve the ratiocinations for winter.

YOUTH

LAST year, while visiting Jean Schlumberger who was my neighbor in the country, at the time that I was "a man of property" in Calvados, I went back to see La Roque where, as I relate elsewhere, I spent so long a time pleasantly in my childhood. The property is now completely enclosed by barbed wire. On seeing it I feel within me the soul of a communist. I never had a possessive one. The very word property owner seems to me ridiculous and odious. As for this estate, that I inherited from my mother when I was still very young, I suffered at knowing the exact extent of its boundaries; or rather, I would not allow myself to know them; not so that I could imagine I owned more, but, on the contrary, to keep myself from thinking that any of all this that I loved here was personally and exclusively my property. When, in the evening, I seated myself on the other side of the hill from which the wooded country becomes visible, the grassy foot-hills, the clumps of trees, the brushwood, the course of the little river often hidden by the high willow-herbs, the alders and the hazel-trees, could very well cease to be mine without losing their attraction for all that. I remained contemplative and did not feel any more obligations toward the country than the country felt for me.

In 1896, the news that Robidet came to announce to me triumphantly on a certain fine holiday, fell on me like a catastrophe. Thanks to his zealous machinations, I had just been elected mayor. He had been maneuvering that for a long time; without my knowledge, needless to say. But first it was necessary to wait until I had reached the legal age and until the mayor whom I should succeed had given up the position. He died just as I was entering my twenty-fifth year. Robidet, who already held the double duties of keeper and factor, was still intriguing to obtain those of deputy mayor, to which the great service he was thus rendering the community and his master, designated him naturally. He was counting on my lack of taste for authority, and thought very pertinently that my easy going nature and my youth would assure him absolute power. Robidet, who was already reigning during my mother's lifetime and whom I had inherited from her along with the property, thought little, talked a great deal, and sized up everyone according to himself. His conduct was solely guided by self-interest and respect for convention. "Oh! sir, that isn't done," he said to me, when I wanted to have a cripple who was making his way painfully along the road get into the cariole that was taking us to the market at Lisieux; and, to get by him more quickly, a cut from the whip put the horse to a gallop. He was, moreover, of a very questionable honesty, but safeguarded appearances and was skillful in taking refuge behind "custom," as soon as it happened that I wanted to examine his accounts. He seemed to get into the good graces of everyone at my expense. That is what may explain that the six farms and the woods that comprised the estate of La Roque, spread over several communes, never brought me in anything but worries.

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Excerpted from Autumn Leaves by André Gide, Elsie Pell. Copyright © 2011 Philosophical Library, Inc.. Excerpted by permission of Philosophical Library.
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