Table of Contents

History and Environment of the Nordic Mountain Birch.- Soils and Nutrients in Northern Mountain Birch Forests: A Case Study from Finnmarksvidda, Northern Norway.- Vegetation of the Mountain Birch Forest in Northern Fennoscandia.- Biomass and Production on a Landscape Level in the Mountain Birch Forests.- Mountain Birch Growth in Relation to Climate and Herbivores.- Effects of Temperature Changes on Survival and Growth in Mountain Birch Populations.- Phenology and Performance of Mountain Birch Provenances in Transplant Gardens: Latitudinal, Altitudinal and Oceanity-Continentality Gradients.- Synthesis Section 1: A Dynamic Forest in a Changing Environment.- Forest Defoliation Risks in Birch Forest by Insects Under Different Climate and Land Use Scenarios in Northern Europe.- Birch Sapling Responses to Severity and Timing of Domestic Herbivore Browsing — Implications for Management.- Effects of Reindeer Grazing on Pastures - A Necessary Basis for Sustainable Reindeer Herding.- Long-Term Influence of Herbivores on Northern Birch Forests.- Synthesis Section 2: Herbivory in Northern Birch Forests.- Rates and Processes of Natural Regeneration in Disturbed Habitats.- Recreation at Tree Line and Interactions with Other Land-Use Activities.- Economic Limits and Possibilities for Sustainable Utilization of Northern Birch Forests.- The Vegetation Changes and Recent Impact on the Mountain Birch Forest During the Last 40 Years.- Sámi Approaches to Mountain Birch Utilization in Northern Sápmi (Finland and Norway).- Sustainable Reindeer Herding in Mountain Birch Ecosystem.- Competition Over Nature, Space, Resources and Management in the Mountain Birch Forest Ecosystem in Northernmost Fennoscandia: A Synthesis.- Landscape-Scale Model Relating the Nordic Mountain Birch ForestSpatio-Temporal Dynamics to Various Anthropogenic Influences, Herbivory and Climate Change.- Scenarios for Future Development of the Mountain Birch Ecosystem.- Managing the Nordic Mountain Birch Ecosystem: Local Communities and the State in Finland’s Forestry.- Policies and Developing Plans Towards Sustainability of Mountain Birch Ecosystems in Scandinavia.- The Nordic Mountain Birch Ecosystem - Challenges to Sustainable Management.